Benjamin Britten

Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten, OM, CH (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976) was an English composer, conductor and pianist. He was a central figure of 20th-century British classical music, with a range of works including opera, other vocal music, orchestral and chamber pieces. His best-known works include the opera Peter Grimes(1945), the War Requiem (1962) and the orchestral showpiece The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1945).

Born in Suffolk, the son of a dentist, Britten showed talent from an early age. He studied at the Royal College of Music in London and privately with the composer Frank Bridge. Britten first came to public attention with the a cappella choral work A Boy Was Born in 1934. With the premiere of Peter Grimes in 1945, he leapt to international fame. Over the next 28 years, he wrote 14 more operas, establishing himself as one of the leading 20th-century composers in the genre. In addition to large-scale operas for Sadler's Wellsand Covent Garden, he wrote "chamber operas" for small forces, suitable for performance in venues of modest size. Among the best known of these is The Turn of the Screw(1954). Recurring themes in the operas are the struggle of an outsider against a hostile society, and the corruption of innocence.

Britten's other works range from orchestral to choral, solo vocal, chamber and instrumental as well as film music. He took a great interest in writing music for children and amateur performers, including the opera Noye's Fludde, a Missa Brevis, and the song collection Friday Afternoons. He often composed with particular performers in mind. His most frequent and important muse was his personal and professional partner, the tenor Peter Pears; others included Kathleen Ferrier, Jennifer Vyvyan, Janet Baker, Dennis Brain, Julian Bream, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau and Mstislav Rostropovich. Britten was a celebrated pianist and conductor, performing many of his own works in concert and on record. He also performed and recorded works by others, such as Bach's Brandenburg concertos, Mozart symphonies, and song cycles by Schubert and Schumann.

Together with Pears and the librettist and producer Eric Crozier, Britten founded the annual Aldeburgh Festival in 1948, and he was responsible for the creation of Snape Maltings concert hall in 1967. In his last year, he was the first composer to be given a life peerage.



Contents
[hide]  *1 Life and career  ==Life and career[ edit] == ===Early years[ edit] === Britten's birthplace in Lowestoft, which was the Britten family home for over twenty yearsBritten was born in the fishing port of Lowestoft in Suffolk, on the east coast of England on 22 November 1913,[1]  the feast day of Saint Cecilia.[2]  He was the youngest of four children of Robert Victor Britten (1878–1934) and his wife Edith Rhoda, née Hockey (1874–1937).[n 1]  Robert Britten's youthful ambition to become a farmer had been thwarted by lack of capital, and he had instead trained as a dentist, a profession he practised successfully but without pleasure. While studying at Charing Cross Hospital in London he met Edith Hockey, the daughter of a junior Home Office official. They were married in September 1901 at St John's, Smith Square, London.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[4]
 * 1.1 Early years
 * 1.2 Education
 * 1.2.1 Lowestoft
 * 1.2.2 Public school and Royal College of Music
 * 1.3 Early professional life
 * 1.4 America 1939–42
 * 1.5 Return to England
 * 1.6 Aldeburgh; the 1950s
 * 1.7 1960s
 * 1.8 Last years
 * 2 Personal life and character
 * 2.1 Controversies
 * 3 Music
 * 3.1 Influences
 * 3.2 Operas
 * 3.3 Song cycles
 * 3.4 Other vocal works
 * 3.5 Orchestral works
 * 3.6 Chamber and instrumental works
 * 3.7 Legacy
 * 4 Pianist and conductor
 * 5 Recordings
 * 6 Honours, awards and commemorations
 * 6.1 Britten 100
 * 7 Notes and references
 * 8 External links

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The consensus among biographers of Britten is that his father was a loving but somewhat stern and remote parent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]  Britten, according to his sister Beth, "got on well with him and shared his wry sense of humour, dedication to work and capacity for taking pains".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[6]  Edith Britten was a talented amateur musician and secretary of the Lowestoft Musical Society.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[7]  In the English provinces of the early 20th century, distinctions of social class were taken very seriously. Britten described his family as "very ordinary middle class", but there were aspects of the Brittens that were not ordinary: Edith's father was illegitimate, and her mother was an alcoholic; Robert Britten was an agnostic and refused to attend church on Sundays.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8]  Music was the principal means by which Edith Britten strove to maintain the family's social standing, inviting the pillars of the local community to musical soirées at the house.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-p7_10-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[9]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When Britten was three months old he contracted pneumonia and nearly died.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[10]  The illness left him with a damaged heart,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[11]  and doctors warned his parents that he would probably never be able to lead a normal life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[12]  He recovered more fully than expected, and as a boy was a keen tennis player and cricketer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[13]  To his mother's great delight he was an outstandingly musical child, unlike his sisters, who inherited their father's indifference to music, while his brother, though musically talented, was interested only in ragtime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[14]  Edith gave the young Britten his first lessons in piano and notation. He made his first attempts at composition when he was five.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[15]  He started piano lessons when he was seven years old, and three years later began to play the viola.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[16]  He was one of the last composers brought up on exclusively live music: his father refused to have a gramophone or, later, a radio in the house.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-p7_10-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[9] ===Education<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === ====Lowestoft<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When he was seven Britten was sent to a dame school, run by the Misses Astle. The younger sister, Ethel, gave him piano lessons; in later life he said that he remained grateful for the excellence of her teaching.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[17] The following year he moved on to his prep school, South Lodge, Lowestoft, as a day boy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[18]  The headmaster, Thomas Sewell, was an old-fashioned disciplinarian; the young Britten was outraged at the severe corporal punishments frequently handed out, and later he said that his lifelong pacifism probably had its roots in his reaction to the regime at the school.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[19]  He himself rarely fell foul of Sewell, a mathematician, in which subject Britten was a star pupil. The school had no musical tradition, and Britten continued to study the piano with Ethel Astle. From the age of ten he took viola lessons from a friend of his mother's, Audrey Alston, who had been a professional player before her marriage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[20]  In his spare time he composed prolifically. When his Simple Symphony, based on these juvenilia, was recorded in 1956, Britten wrote this pen-portrait of his young self for the sleeve note: <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Once upon a time there was a prep-school boy. ... He was quite an ordinary little boy ... he loved cricket, only quite liked football (although he kicked a pretty "corner"); he adored mathematics, got on all right with history, was scared by Latin Unseen; he behaved fairly well, only ragged the recognised amount, so that his contacts with the cane or the slipper were happily rare (although one nocturnal expedition to stalk ghosts left its marks behind); he worked his way up the school slowly and steadily, until at the age of thirteen he reached that pinnacle of importance and grandeur never to be quite equalled in later days: the head of the Sixth, head-prefect, and Victor Ludorum. But – there was one curious thing about this boy: he wrote music. His friends bore with it, his enemies kicked a bit but not for long (he was quite tough), the staff couldn't object if his work and games didn't suffer. He wrote lots of it, reams and reams of it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[21]

Frank Bridge, Britten's teacher<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Audrey Alston encouraged Britten to go to symphony concerts in Norwich. At one of these, during the triennial Norfolk and Norwich Festival on 30 October 1924,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[22]  he heard Frank Bridge's orchestral poem The Sea, conducted by the composer. It was the first significant piece of modern music he had ever encountered,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-modern_24-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[23]  and he was, in his own phrase, "knocked sideways".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[24]  Audrey Alston was a friend of Bridge; when he returned to Norwich for the next festival in 1927 she brought her not quite 14-year-old pupil to meet him. Bridge was impressed with the boy, and after they had gone through some of Britten's compositions together he invited him to come to London to take lessons from him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-M8_26-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[25]  Robert Britten, supported by Thomas Sewell, doubted the wisdom of pursuing a composing career; a compromise was agreed by which Britten would, as planned, go on to his public school the following year but would make regular day-trips to London to study composition with Bridge and piano with his colleague Harold Samuel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[26]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Bridge impressed on Britten the importance of scrupulous attention to the technical craft of composing<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 2]  and the maxim that "you should find yourself and be true to what you found."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dnb_30-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[28]  The earliest substantial works Britten composed while studying with Bridge are the String Quartet in F, completed in April 1928, and the Quatre Chansons Françaises, a song-cycle for high voice and orchestra. Authorities differ on the extent of Bridge's influence on his pupil's technique. Humphrey Carpenter and Michael Oliver judge that Britten's abilities as an orchestrator were essentially self-taught;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[29]  Donald Mitchell considers that Bridge had an important influence on the cycle.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dnb_30-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[28] ====Public school and Royal College of Music<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==== Early influences, clockwise from top left: Mahler, Ireland,Shostakovich, Stravinsky<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In September 1928 Britten went as a boarder to Gresham's School, in Holt, Norfolk. At the time he felt unhappy there, even writing in his diary of contemplating suicide or running away:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[30]  he hated being separated from his family, most particularly from his mother; he despised the music master; and he was shocked at the prevalence of bullying, though he was not the target of it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[31]  He remained there for two years and in 1930, he won a composition scholarship at the Royal College of Music (RCM) in London; his examiners were the composers John Ireland and Ralph Vaughan Williams and the college's harmony and counterpoint teacher, S P Waddington.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[32]  Yet when it came to leaving Gresham's, Britten found it a wrench, confessing: "I am terribly sorry to leave such boys as these. [...] I didn't think I should be so sorry to leave."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bridcut17_35-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[33]  In his later years, Britten helped secure a place at the school for David Hemmings,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bridcut17_35-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[33]  and the documentary filmmaker Tony Britten in his film Peace and Conflict has presented a case that Gresham's was an important formative experience in the composer's left-wing and pacifist views.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[34]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten was at the RCM from 1930 to 1933, studying composition with Ireland and piano with Arthur Benjamin. He won the Sullivan Prize for composition, the Cobbett Prize for chamber music, and was twice winner of the Ernest Farrar Prize for composition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[35]  These honours notwithstanding, he was not greatly impressed by the establishment: he found his fellow-students "amateurish and folksy" and the staff "inclined to suspect technical brilliance of being superficial and insincere".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[36] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 3]  Another Ireland pupil, the composerHumphrey Searle, said that Ireland could be "an inspiring teacher to those on his own wavelength"; Britten was not, and learned little from him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[38]  He continued to study privately with Bridge,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-c40_42-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[39]  although he later praised Ireland for "nurs[ing] me very gently through a very, very difficult musical adolescence".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-c40_42-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[39]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten also used his time in London to attend concerts and become better acquainted with the music of Stravinsky, Shostakovich and, most particularly, Mahler.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 4]  He intended postgraduate study in Vienna with Alban Berg, Arnold Schoenberg's student, but was eventually dissuaded by his parents, on the advice of the RCM staff.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-White1516_45-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[41]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first of Britten's compositions to attract wide attention were composed while at the RCM: the Sinfonietta, Op. 1 (1932), and a set of choral variations A Boy Was Born, written in 1933 for the BBC Singers, who first performed it the following year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[42]  In this same period he wrote Friday Afternoons, a collection of 12 songs for the pupils of Clive House School, Prestatyn, where his brother was headmaster.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[43] ===Early professional life<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In February 1935, at Bridge's instigation, Britten was invited to a job interview by the BBC's director of music Adrian Boult and his assistant Edward Clark.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[44]  Britten was not enthusiastic about the prospect of working full-time in the BBC music department and was relieved when what came out of the interview was an invitation to write the score for a documentary film, The King's Stamp, directed by Alberto Cavalcanti for the GPO Film Unit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[45]

W H Auden in 1939<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten became a member of the film unit's small group of regular contributors, another of whom was W H Auden. Together they worked on the documentary films Coal Face and Night Mail in 1935.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[46]  They also collaborated on the song cycle Our Hunting Fathers (1936), radical both in politics and musical treatment, and subsequently other works including Cabaret Songs, On This Island, Paul Bunyan and Hymn to St. Cecilia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[47]  Auden was a considerable influence on Britten, encouraging him to widen his aesthetic, intellectual and political horizons, and also to come to terms with his homosexuality. Auden was, as David Matthews puts it, "cheerfully and guiltlessly promiscuous"; Britten, puritanical and conventional by nature, was sexually repressed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[48]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten composed prolifically in this period. In the three years from 1935 to 1937 he wrote nearly 40 scores for the theatre, cinema and radio.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[49]  Among the film music of the late 1930s Matthews singles out Night Mail and Love from a Stranger (1937); among the theatre music he selects for mention, The Ascent of F6 (1936), On the Frontier (1938) and Johnson Over Jordan(1939); and of the music for radio, King Arthur (1937) and The Sword in the Stone (1939).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[50]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1937 there were two events of huge importance in Britten's life: his mother died, and he met the tenor Peter Pears. Although Britten was extraordinarily devoted to his mother and was devastated at her death, it also seems to have been something of a liberation for him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[51]  Only after that did he begin to engage in emotional relationships with people his own age or younger.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[52]  Later in the year he got to know Pears while they were both helping to clear out the country cottage of a mutual friend who had died in an air crash.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[53]  Pears quickly became Britten's musical inspiration and close (though for the moment platonic) friend. Britten's first work for him was composed within weeks of their meeting, a setting of Emily Brontë's poem, "A thousand gleaming fires", for tenor and strings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[54]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During 1937 Britten composed a Pacifist March to words by Ronald Duncan for the Peace Pledge Union, of which, as a pacifist, he had become an active member; the work was not a success and was soon withdrawn.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[55]  The best known of his compositions from this period is probably Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge for string orchestra, described by Matthews as the first of Britten's works to become a popular classic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[56]  It was a success in North America, with performances in Toronto, New York, Boston, Chicago and San Francisco, under conductors including John Barbirolli and Serge Koussevitzky.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-press_61-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[57] ===America 1939–42<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In April 1939 Britten and Pears sailed to North America, going first to Canada and then to New York. They had several reasons for leaving England, including the difficult position of pacifists in an increasingly bellicose Europe; the success that Frank Bridge had enjoyed in the US; the departure of Auden and his friend Christopher Isherwood to the US from England three months previously; hostile or belittling reviews of Britten's music in the English press; and under-rehearsed and inadequate performances.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dnb_30-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[28] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  Britten and Pears consummated their relationship and from then until Britten's death they were partners in both their professional and personal lives.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[59]  When the Second World War began, Britten and Pears turned for advice to the British embassy in Washington and were told that they should remain in the US as artistic ambassadors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-press_61-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[57]  Pears was inclined to disregard the advice and go back to England; Britten also felt the urge to return, but accepted the embassy's counsel and persuaded Pears to do the same.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[60]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Already a friend of the composer Aaron Copland, Britten encountered his latest works Billy the Kid and An Outdoor Overture, both of which influenced his own music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[61]  In 1940 Britten composed Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo, the first of many song cycles for Pears.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[62]  Britten's orchestral works from this period include the Violin Concerto and Sinfonia da Requiem. In 1941 Britten produced his first music drama, Paul Bunyan, an operetta, to a libretto by Auden.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  While in the US, Britten had his first encounter with Balinese gamelan music, through transcriptions for piano duo made by the Canadian composer Colin McPhee. The two met in the summer of 1939 and subsequently performed a number of McPhee's transcriptions for a recording.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[63]  This musical encounter bore fruit in several Balinese-inspired works later in Britten's career.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[64]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Moving to the US did not relieve Britten of the nuisance of hostile criticism: although Olin Downes, the doyen of New York music critics, and Irving Kolodin took to Britten's music, Virgil Thomson was, as the music scholar Suzanne Robinson puts it, consistently "severe and spiteful". Thomson described Les Illuminations (1940) as "little more than a series of bromidic and facile 'effects' ... pretentious, banal and utterly disappointing", and was equally unflattering about Pears's voice. Robinson surmises that Thomson was motivated by "a mixture of spite, national pride, and professional jealousy".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-press_61-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[57]  Paul Bunyan met with wholesale critical disapproval,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[65]  and the Sinfonia da Requiem (already rejected by its Japanese sponsors because of its overtly Christian nature) received a mixed reception when Barbirolli and the New York Philharmonicpremiered it in March 1941. The reputation of the work was much enhanced when Koussevitzky took it up shortly afterwards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[66] ===Return to England<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Page from "Peter Grimes" in 1812 edition of Crabbe's The Borough<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1942 Britten read the work of the poet George Crabbe for the first time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[67]  The Borough, set on the Suffolk coast close to Britten's homeland, awakened in him such longings for England that he knew he must return. He also knew that he must write an opera based on Crabbe's poem about the fisherman Peter Grimes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-press_61-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[57]  Before Britten left the US, Koussevitzky, always generous in encouraging new talent, offered him a $1,000 commission to write the opera.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-press_61-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[57] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 5]  Britten and Pears returned to England in April 1942. During the long transatlantic sea crossing Britten completed the choral works A Ceremony of Carols and Hymn to St Cecilia. The latter was his last large-scale collaboration with Auden. Britten had grown away from him, and Auden became one of the composer's so-called "corpses" – former intimates from whom he completely cut off contact once they had outlived their usefulness to him or offended him in some way.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[70]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Having arrived in Britain, Britten and Pears applied for recognition as conscientious objectors; Britten was initially allowed only non-combatant service in the military, but on appeal he gained unconditional exemption.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[71]  After the death of his mother in 1937 he had used money she bequeathed him to buy the Old Mill in Snape, Suffolk which became his country home. He spent much of his time there in 1944 working on the opera Peter Grimes. Pears joined Sadler's Wells Opera Company, whose artistic director, the singerJoan Cross, announced her intention to re-open the company's home base in London with Britten's opera, casting herself and Pears in the leading roles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 6]  There were complaints from company members about supposed favouritism and the "cacophony" of Britten's score, as well as some ill-suppressed homophobic remarks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[73]  Peter Grimesopened in June 1945 and was hailed by public and critics;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[74]  its box-office takings matched or exceeded those for La bohème and Madame Butterfly, which were staged during the same season.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[75]  The opera administrator Lord Harewood called it "the first genuinely successful British opera, Gilbert and Sullivan apart, since Purcell."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[76]  Dismayed by the in-fighting among the company, Cross, Britten and Pears severed their ties with Sadler's Wells in December 1945, going on to found what was to become the English Opera Group.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[77]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A month after the opening of Peter Grimes, Britten and Yehudi Menuhin went to Germany to give recitals to concentration camp survivors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Matthews_80_84-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[78]  What they saw, at Belsen most of all, so shocked Britten that he refused to talk about it until towards the end of his life, when he told Pears that it had coloured everything he had written since.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[79]  Colin Matthews comments that the next two works Britten composed after his return, the song-cycle The Holy Sonnets of John Donne and the Second String Quartet, contrast strongly with earlier, lighter-hearted works such as Les Illuminations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[80]  Britten recovered his joie de vivre for The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1945), written for an educational film, Instruments of the Orchestra, directed by Muir Mathieson and featuring the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Malcolm Sargent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[81]  It became, and remained, his most often played and popular work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[82]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten's next opera, The Rape of Lucretia, was presented at the first post-war Glyndebourne Festival in 1946. It was then taken on tour to provincial cities under the banner of the "Glyndebourne English Opera Company", an uneasy alliance of Britten and his associates with John Christie, the autocratic proprietor of Glyndebourne.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[83]  The tour lost money heavily, and Christie announced that he would underwrite no more tours.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[84]  Britten and his associates set up the English Opera Group; the librettist Eric Crozier and the designer John Piper joined Britten as artistic directors. The group's express purpose was to produce and commission new English operas and other works, presenting them throughout the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[85]  Britten wrote the comic opera Albert Herring for the group in 1947; while on tour in the new work Pears came up with the idea of mounting a festival in the small Suffolk seaside town of Aldeburgh, where Britten had moved from Snape earlier in the year, and which became his principal residence for the rest of his life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[86] ===Aldeburgh; the 1950s<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Aldeburgh Festival was launched in June 1948, with Britten, Pears and Crozier directing it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[87]  Albert Herring played at the Jubilee Hall, and Britten's new cantata for tenor, chorus and orchestra, Saint Nicolas, was presented in the parish church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[88]  The festival was an immediate success and became an annual event that has continued into the 21st century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[89]  New works by Britten featured in almost every festival until his death in 1976, including the premieres of his operas A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Jubilee Hall in 1960 and Death in Venice at Snape Maltings Concert Hall in 1973.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[90]

John Piper's Benjamin Britten memorial window in the Church of St Peter and St Paul, Aldeburgh<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Unlike many leading English composers, Britten was not known as a teacher,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 7]  but in 1949 he accepted his only private pupil, Arthur Oldham, who studied with him for three years. Oldham made himself useful, acting as musical assistant and arranging Variations on a Theme by Frank Bridge for full orchestra for the Frederick Ashton ballet Le Rêve de Léonor(1949),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[94]  but he later described the teacher–pupil relationship as "beneficial five per cent to [Britten] and ninety-five per cent to me!"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[95]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Throughout the 1950s Britten continued to write operas. Billy Budd (1951) was well received at its Covent Garden premiere and was regarded by reviewers as an advance on Peter Grimes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[96]  Gloriana (1953), written to mark the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, had a cool reception at the gala premiere in the presence of the Queen and the British Establishmenten masse. The downbeat story of Elizabeth I in her decline, and Britten's score – reportedly thought by members of the premiere's audience "too modern" for such a gala<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hso_104-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[97]  – did not overcome what Matthews calls the "ingrained philistinism" of the ruling classes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[98] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 8]  Although Gloriana did well at the box office, there were no further productions in Britain for another 13 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[99]  It was later recognised as one of Britten's finer operas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[100]  The Turn of the Screw the following year was an unqualified success;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[101]  together with Peter Grimes it became, and at 2013 remained, one of the two most frequently performed of Britten's operas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[102]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 1950s the "fervently anti-homosexual" Home Secretary, David Maxwell Fyfe,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[103]  urged the police to enforce the Victorian laws making homosexual acts illegal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[104] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 9]  Britten and Pears came under scrutiny; Britten was visited by police officers in 1953 and was so perturbed that he discussed with his assistant Imogen Holst the possibility that Pears might have to enter a sham marriage (with whom is unclear). In the end nothing was done.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[105]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">An increasingly important influence on Britten was the music of the East, an interest that was fostered by a tour there with Pears in 1956, when Britten once again encountered the music of the Balinese gamelan<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[106]  and saw for the first time Japanese Noh plays, which he called "some of the most wonderful drama I have ever seen."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[107]  These eastern influences were seen and heard in the ballet The Prince of the Pagodas (1957) and later in two of the three semi-operatic "Parables for Church Performance": Curlew River (1964) and The Prodigal Son (1968).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[108] ===1960s<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">By the 1960s, the Aldeburgh Festival was outgrowing its customary venues, and plans to build a new concert hall in Aldeburgh were not progressing. When redundant Victorian maltings buildings in the village of Snape, six miles inland, became available for hire, Britten realised that the largest of them could be converted into a concert hall and opera house. The 830-seat Snape Maltings hall was opened by the Queen at the start of the twentieth Aldeburgh Festival on 2 June 1967; it was immediately hailed as one of the best concert halls in the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[109]  The hall was destroyed by fire in 1969, but Britten was determined that it would be rebuilt in time for the following year's festival, which it was. The Queen again attended the opening performance in 1970.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[110]

Mstislav Rostropovich and Britten, 1964<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Maltings gave the festival a venue that could comfortably house large orchestral works and operas. Britten conducted the first performance outside Russia of Shostakovich'sFourteenth Symphony at Snape in 1970.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[111]  Shostakovich, a friend since 1960, dedicated the symphony to Britten;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[112]  he was himself the dedicatee of The Prodigal Son.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[113]  Two other Russian musicians who were close to Britten and regularly performed at the festival were the pianist Sviatoslav Richter and the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich. Britten composed hiscello suites, Cello Symphony and Cello Sonata for Rostropovich, who premiered them at the Aldeburgh Festival.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[114]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">One of the best known of Britten's works, the War Requiem, was premiered in 1962. He had been asked four years earlier to write a work for the consecration of the new Coventry Cathedral, a modernist building designed by Basil Spence. The old cathedral had been left in ruins by an air-raid on the city in 1940 in which hundreds of people died.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[115]  Britten decided that his work would commemorate the dead of both World Wars in a large-scale score for soloists, chorus, chamber ensemble and orchestra. His text interspersed the traditional Requiem Mass with poems by Wilfred Owen. Matthews writes, "With the War Requiem Britten reached the apex of his reputation: it was almost universally hailed as a masterpiece."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[116]  Shostakovich told Rostropovich that he believed it to be "the greatest work of the twentieth century".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[117]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1967 the BBC commissioned Britten to write an opera specially for television. Owen Wingrave was based, like The Turn of the Screw, on a ghost story by Henry James.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  By the 1960s Britten found composition much slower than in his prolific youth; he told the 28-year-old composer Nicholas Maw, "Get as much done now as you can, because it gets much, much more difficult as you grow older."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-max_127-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[118]  He did not complete the score of the new opera until August 1970.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  Owen Wingrave was first broadcast in Britain in May 1971, when it was also televised in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the USA and Yugoslavia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[119] ===Last years<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In September 1970 Britten asked Myfanwy Piper, who had adapted the two Henry James stories for him, to turn another prose story into a libretto. This was Thomas Mann's novella Death in Venice, a subject he had been considering for some time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[120]  At an early stage in composition Britten was told by his doctors that a heart operation was essential if he was to live for more than two years. He was determined to finish the opera and worked urgently to complete it before going into hospital for surgery.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-graham_130-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[121]  His long-term colleague Colin Graham wrote: <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Perhaps of all his works, this one went deepest into Britten's own soul: there are extraordinary cross-currents of affinity between himself, his own state of health and mind, Thomas Mann, Aschenbach (Mann's dying protagonist), and Peter Pears, who must have had to tear himself in three in order to reconstitute himself as the principal character.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-graham_130-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[121] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the completion of the opera Britten went into the National Heart Hospital and was operated on in May 1973 to replace a failing heart valve. The replacement was successful, but he suffered a slight stroke, affecting his right hand. This brought his career as a performer to an end.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  While in hospital Britten became friendly with a senior nursing sister, Rita Thomson; she moved to Aldeburgh in 1974 and looked after him until his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[122]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten's last works include the Suite on English Folk Tunes "A Time There Was" (1974); the Third String Quartet (1975), which drew on material from Death in Venice; and the dramatic cantata Phaedra (1975), written for Janet Baker.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[123]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In July 1976, the last year of his life, Britten accepted a life peerage – the first composer so honoured – becoming Baron Britten of Aldeburgh in the County of Suffolk.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TheLondon_133-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[124] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 10]  After the 1976 Aldeburgh Festival, Britten and Pears travelled to Norway, where Britten began writing Praise We Great Men, for voices and orchestra based on a poem by Edith Sitwell.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[127]  He returned to Aldeburgh in August, and wrote Welcome Odefor children's choir and orchestra.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kennedy114_138-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[128]  In November, Britten realised that he could no longer compose.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[129]  On his 63rd birthday, 22 November, at his request Rita Thomson organised a champagne party and invited his friends and his sisters Barbara and Beth, to say their goodbyes to the dying composer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Matthews155_140-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[130]  When Rostropovich made his farewell visit a few days later, Britten gave him what he had written of Praise We Great Men.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Matthews155_140-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[130] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">I heard of his death ... and took a long walk in total silence through gently falling snow across a frozen lake, which corresponded exactly to the inexpressible sense of numbness at such a loss. The world is colder and lonelier without the presence of our supreme creator of music.

“”Peter Maxwell Davies, 1977<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-max_127-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[118] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten died of congestive heart failure on 4 December 1976. His funeral service was held at Aldeburgh Parish Church three days later,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Matthews155_140-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[130]  and he was buried in its churchyard, with a gravestone carved by Reynolds Stone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[131]  The authorities atWestminster Abbey had offered burial there, but Britten had made it clear that he wished his grave to be side by side with that, in due course, of Pears.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[132]  A memorial service was held at the Abbey on 10 March 1977, at which the congregation was headed by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[133] ==Personal life and character<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Despite his large number of works on Christian themes, Britten has sometimes been thought of as agnostic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[134]  Pears said that when they met in 1937 he was not sure whether or not Britten would have described himself as a Christian.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[135]  In the 1960s Britten called himself a dedicated Christian, though sympathetic to the radical views propounded by the Bishop of Woolwich in Honest to God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-146" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[136]  Politically, Britten was on the left. He told Pears that he always voted either Liberal or Labour and could not imagine ever voting Conservative, but he was never a member of any party, except the Peace Pledge Union.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[137]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Physically, Britten was never robust. He walked and swam regularly and kept himself as fit as he could, but Carpenter in his 1992 biography mentions 20 illnesses, a few of them minor but most fairly serious, suffered over the years by Britten before his final heart complaint developed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-148" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[138]  Emotionally, according to some commentators, Britten never completely grew up, retaining in his outlook something of a child's view of the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-5" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-149" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[139]  He was not always confident that he was the genius others declared him to be, and though he was hypercritical of his own works, he was acutely, even aggressively sensitive to criticism from anybody else.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-150" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[140]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten was, as he acknowledged, notorious for dumping friends and colleagues who either offended him or ceased to be of use – his "corpses".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-k202_151-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[141]  The conductor Sir Charles Mackerras believed that the term was invented by Lord Harewood. Both Mackerras and Harewood joined the list of corpses, the former for joking that the number of boys in Noye's Fludde must have been a delight to the composer, and the latter for an extramarital affair and subsequent divorce from Lady Harewood, which shocked the puritanical Britten.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-152" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[142]  Among other corpses were his librettists Montagu Slater and Eric Crozier. The latter said in 1949, "He has sometimes told me, jokingly, that one day I would join the ranks of his 'corpses' and I have always recognized that any ordinary person must soon outlive his usefulness to such a great creative artist as Ben."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-k202_151-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[141] Dame Janet Baker said in 1981, "I think he was quite entitled to take what he wanted from others ... He did not want to hurt anyone, but the task in hand was more important than anything or anybody."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-153" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[143]  Matthews feels that this aspect of Britten has been exaggerated, and he observes that the composer sustained many deep friendships to the end of his life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[144] ===Controversies<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Boys

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten was attracted to young boys – what Auden called "thin-as-a-board juveniles – sexless and innocent".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-155" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[145]  In public, the matter was little discussed during Britten's lifetime and much discussed after it. Carpenter's 1992 biography addresses the matter, as do later studies of Britten, most particularly John Bridcut's Britten's Children (2006), which concentrates on this aspect of the composer. Among those to whom Britten was drawn were the young David Hemmings and Michael Crawford, who sang treble roles in his works in the 1950s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-156" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[146]  Hemmings later said, "In all of the time that I spent with him he never abused that trust", and Crawford wrote "I cannot say enough about the kindness of that great man ... he had a wonderful patience and affinity with young people. He loved music, and loved youngsters caring about music."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dnb_30-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[28]  Some commentators have continued to question Britten's conduct, sometimes very sharply;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-157" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[147]  Carpenter and Bridcut conclude that he held any sexual impulses under firm control and kept the relationships affectionate but strictly platonic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-158" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[148]

Britten's grave in St. Peter and St Paul's Church, Aldeburgh, Suffolk<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Cause of death

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A more recent controversy was the statement in a 2013 biography of Britten by Paul Kildea that the composer's heart failure was due to undetected syphilis, which Kildea speculates was a result of Pears's promiscuity while the two were living in New York.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-159" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[149]  In response, Britten's consultant cardiologist said that, like all the hospital's similar cases, Britten was routinely screened for syphilis before the operation, with negative results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-160" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[150]  He described as "complete rubbish" Kildea's allegation that the surgeon who operated on Britten in 1973 would or even could have covered up a syphilitic condition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-161" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[151]  Kildea continued to maintain, "When all the composer's symptoms are considered there can be only one cause".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[152]  In The Times, Richard Morrison praised the rest of Kildea's book, and hoped that its reputation would not be "tarnished by one sensational speculation ... some second-hand hearsay ... presenting unsubstantiated gossip as fact".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-163" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[153] ==Music<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">]  == See also: List of compositions by Benjamin Britten===Influences<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">]  === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten's early musical life was dominated by the classical masters; his mother's ambition was for him to become the "Fourth B" – after Bach, Beethoven and Brahms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-164" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[154]  Britten was later to assert that his initial development as a composer was stifled by reverence for these masters: "Between the ages of thirteen and sixteen I knew every note of Beethoven and Brahms. I remember receiving the full score of Fidelio for my fourteenth birthday ... But I think in a sense I never forgave them for having led me astray in my own particular thinking and natural inclinations".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-165" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[155]  He developed a particular animosity towards Brahms, whose piano music he had once held in great esteem; in 1952 he confided that he played through all Brahms's music from time to time, "to see if I am right about him; I usually find that I underestimated last time how bad it was!"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-6" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Through his association with Frank Bridge, Britten's musical horizons expanded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-M8_26-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[25]  He discovered the music of Debussy and Ravel which, Matthews writes, "gave him a model for an orchestral sound".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-166" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[156]  Bridge also led Britten to the music of Schoenberg and Berg; the latter's death in 1935 affected Britten deeply. A letter at that time reveals his thoughts on the contemporary music scene: "The real musicians are so few & far between, aren't they? Apart from the Bergs, Stravinskys, Schoenbergs & Bridges one is a bit stumped for names, isn't one?" – adding, as an afterthought: "Shostakovitch – perhaps – possibly".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-7" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  By this time Britten had developed a lasting hostility towards the English pastoral school represented by Vaughan Williams and Ireland, whose work he compared unfavourably with the "brilliant folk-song arrangements of Percy Grainger"; Grainger became the inspiration of many of Britten's later folk arrangements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-167" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[157] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-168" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[158]  Britten was also impressed by Delius, and thought Brigg Fair "delicious" when he heard it in 1931.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-169" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[159]  Also in that year he heard Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, which he found "bewildering and terrifying", yet at the same time "incredibly marvellous and arresting". The same composer's Symphony of Psalms, and Petrushka were lauded in similar terms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-8" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  However, he and Stravinsky later developed a mutual antipathy informed by jealousy and mistrust.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-170" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[160]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Besides his growing attachments to the works of 20th century masters, Britten – along with his contemporary Michael Tippett – was devoted to the English music of the late 17th and early 18th centuries, in particular the work of Purcell.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-171" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[161]  In defining his mission as a composer of opera, Britten wrote: "One of my chief aims is to try to restore to the musical setting of the English Language a brilliance, freedom and vitality that have been curiously rare since the death of Purcell".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[162]  Among the closest of Britten's kindred composer spirits – even more so than Purcell – was Mahler, whose Fourth Symphony Britten heard in September 1930. At that time Mahler's music was little regarded and rarely played in English concert halls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-173" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[163]  Britten later wrote of how the scoring of this work impressed him: "... entirely clean and transparent ... the material was remarkable, and the melodic shapes highly original, with such rhythmic and harmonic tension from beginning to end".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mahler_43-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[40]  He soon discovered other Mahler works, in particular Das Lied von der Erde; he wrote to a friend about the concluding "Abschied" of Das Lied: "It is cruel, you know, that music should be so beautiful".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-174" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[164] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-176" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 11]  Apart from Mahler's general influence on Britten's compositional style, the incorporation by Britten of popular tunes (as, for example, in Death in Venice) is a direct inheritance from the older composer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-177" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[166] ===Operas<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Britten-Pears Foundation considers the composer's operas "perhaps the most substantial and important part of his compositional legacy."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-178" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[167]  Britten's operas are firmly established in the international repertoire: according to Operabase, they are performed worldwide more than those of any other composer born in the 20th century,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-obtop_179-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[168]  and only Puccini and Richard Strauss come ahead of him if the list is extended to all operas composed after 1900.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bpf1103pr_180-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[169]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The early operetta Paul Bunyan stands apart from Britten's later operatic works. Philip Brett, in Grove's article on Britten, calls it "a patronizing attempt by W H Auden to evoke the spirit of a nation not his own in which Britten was a somewhat dazzled accomplice".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-9" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  The American public liked it, but the critics did not,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-182" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 12]  and it fell into neglect until interest revived near the end of the composer's life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-10" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]

Peter Pears as the General in Owen Wingrave, 1971<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten's subsequent operas range from large-scale works written for full-strength opera companies, to chamber operas for performance by small touring opera ensembles or in churches and schools. In the large-scale category are Peter Grimes (1945), Billy Budd (1951), Gloriana (1953), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960) and Death in Venice(1973). Of the remaining operas, The Rape of Lucretia (1946), Albert Herring (1947), The Little Sweep (1949) and The Turn of the Screw (1954) were written for small opera companies. Noye's Fludde (1958), Curlew River (1964), The Burning Fiery Furnace (1966) and The Prodigal Son (1968) were for church performance, and the secular The Golden Vanity was intended to be performed in schools. Owen Wingrave, written for television, was first presented live by the Royal Opera at Covent Garden in 1973, two years after its broadcast premiere.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-11" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Music critics have frequently commented on the recurring theme in Britten's operas from Peter Grimes onward of the isolated individual at odds with a hostile society.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-183" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[171]  The extent to which this reflected Britten's perception of himself, pacifist and homosexual, in the England of the 1930s, 40s and 50s is debated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-184" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[172]  Another recurrent theme is the corruption of innocence, most sharply seen in The Turn of the Screw.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-185" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[173]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Over the 28 years between Peter Grimes and Death in Venice Britten's musical style changed, as he introduced elements of atonalism – though remaining essentially a tonal composer – and of eastern music, particularly gamelan sounds but also eastern harmonies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-12" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  In A Midsummer Night's Dream the orchestral scoring varies to fit the nature of each set of characters: "the bright, percussive sounds of harps, keyboards and percussion for the fairy world, warm strings and wind for the pairs of lovers, and lower woodwind and brass for the mechanicals".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-186" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[174]  InDeath in Venice Britten turns Tadzio and his family into silent dancers, "accompanied by the colourful, glittering sounds of tuned percussion to emphasize their remoteness."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-187" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[175]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As early as 1948 the music analyst Hans Keller, summarising Britten's impact on 20th-century opera to that date, compared his contribution to that of Mozart in the 18th century: "Mozart may in some respects be regarded as a founder (a 'second founder') of opera. The same can already be said today, as far as the modern British – perhaps not only British – field goes, of Britten".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-188" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[176]  In addition to his own original operas, Britten, together with Imogen Holst, extensively revised Purcell's Dido and Aeneas (1951) and The Fairy-Queen (1967). These "realisations" brought Purcell, who was then neglected, to a wider public, but have themselves been neglected since the dominance of the trend to authentic performance practice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-189" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[177]  His 1948 revision of The Beggar's Opera amounts to a wholesale recomposition, retaining the original melodies but giving them new, highly sophisticated orchestral accompaniments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-190" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[178] ===Song cycles<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Throughout his career Britten was drawn to the song cycle form. In 1928, when he was 14, he composed an orchestral cycle, Quatre chansons françaises, setting words by Victor Hugo and Paul Verlaine. Brett comments that though the work is much influenced by Wagner on the one hand and French mannerisms on the other, "the diatonic nursery-like tune for the sad boy with the consumptive mother in 'L'enfance' is entirely characteristic".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-13" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  After he came under Auden's influence Britten composed Our Hunting Fathers (1936), ostensibly a protest against fox-hunting but which also alludes allegorically to the contemporary political state of Europe. The work has never been popular; in 1948 the critic Colin Mason lamented its neglect and called it one of Britten's greatest works. In Mason's view the cycle is "as exciting as Les Illuminations, and offers many interesting and enjoyable foretastes of the best moments of his later works."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mason1_191-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[179]

Poets whose words Britten set included (clockwise from top l)Blake, Rimbaud, Owen andVerlaine<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first of Britten's song cycles to gain widespread popularity was Les Illuminations (1940), for high voice (originally soprano, later more often sung by tenors)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-193" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 13]  with string orchestra accompaniment, setting words by Arthur Rimbaud. Britten's music reflects the eroticism in Rimbaud's poems; Copland commented of the section "Antique" that he did not know how Britten dared to write the melody.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-14" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  Matthews judges the piece the crowning masterpiece of Britten's early years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-M56_192-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[180]  By the time of Britten's next cycle, Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo (1942) for tenor and piano, Pears had become his partner and muse; in Matthews's phrase, Britten wrote the cycle as "his declaration of love for Peter".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-M56_192-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[180]  It too finds the sensuality of the verses it sets, though in its structure it resembles a conventional 19th-century song cycle. Mason draws a distinction between this and Britten's earlier cycles, because here each song is self-contained, and has no thematic connection with any of the others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mason1_191-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[179]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings (1943) sets verses by a variety of poets, all on the theme of night-time. Though Britten described the cycle as "not important stuff, but quite pleasant, I think", it was immediately greeted as a masterpiece, and together with Peter Grimes it established him as one of the leading composers of his day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dnb_30-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[28]  Mason calls it "a beautifully unified work on utterly dissimilar poems, held together by the most superficial but most effective, and therefore most suitable symphonic method. Some of the music is pure word-painting, some of it mood-painting, of the subtlest kind."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mason2_194-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[181]  Two years later, after witnessing the horrors of Belsen, Britten composed The Holy Sonnets of John Donne, a work whose bleakness was not matched until his final tenor and piano cycle a quarter of a century later. Britten's technique in this cycle ranges from atonality in the first song to firm tonality later, with a resolute B major chord at the climax of "Death, be not proud".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Matthews_80_84-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[78]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Nocturne (1958) is the last of the orchestral cycles. As in the Serenade, Britten set words by a range of poets, who here include Shakespeare, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, Tennysonand Wilfred Owen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-15" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  The whole cycle is darker in tone than the Serenade, with pre-echoes of the War Requiem.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-m120_195-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[182]  All the songs have subtly different orchestrations, with a prominent obbligato part for a different instrument in each.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-m120_195-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[182]  Among Britten's later song cycles with piano accompaniment is the Songs and Proverbs of William Blake, composed for the baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau. This presents all its poems in a continuous stream of music; Brett writes that it "interleaves a ritornello-like setting of the seven proverbs with seven songs that paint an increasingly sombre picture of human existence."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-16" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  A Pushkin cycle, The Poet's Echo (1965), was written for Galina Vishnevskaya, and shows a more robust and extrovert side of the composer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-17" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  Though written ostensibly in the tradition of European song cycles, it draws atmospherically on the polyphony of south-east Asian music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dnb_30-5" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[28]  Who are these Children? (1969), setting 12 verses by William Soutar, is among the grimmest of Britten's cycles. After he could no longer play the piano, Britten composed a cycle of Robert Burns settings, A Birthday Hansel (1976), for voice and harp.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-18" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58] ===Other vocal works<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Nicholas Maw said of Britten's vocal music: "His feeling for poetry (not only English) and the inflexions of language make him, I think, the greatest musical realizer of English".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-max_127-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[118]  One of the best-known works in which Britten set poetry was the War Requiem (1962). It intersperses the Latin requiem mass, sung by soprano and chorus, with settings of works by the First World War poet Wilfred Owen, sung by tenor and baritone. At the end the two elements are combined, as the last line of Owen's "Strange meeting" mingles with the In paradisum of the mass. Matthews describes the conclusion of the work as "a great wave of benediction [which] recalls the end of the Sinfonia da Requiem, and its similar ebbing away into the sea that symbolises both reconciliation and death."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-196" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[183]  Other works for voices and orchestra include the Missa Brevis and the Cantata academica (both 1959) on religious themes, and the late cantata Phaedra (1975), a story of fated love and death modelled on Handel's Italian cantatas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-197" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[184]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Smaller-scale works for accompanied voice include the five Canticles, composed between 1947 and 1974. They are written for a variety of voices (tenor in all five; counter-tenor or alto in II and IV and baritone in IV) and accompaniments (piano in I to IV, horn in III and harp in V).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-198" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[185]  The first is a setting of Francis Quarles's 17th century poem "A Divine Rapture",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-matthews98_199-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[186]  and according to Britten was modelled on Purcell's Divine Hymns'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-200" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[187]  Matthews describes it as one of the composer's most serene works, which "ends in a mood of untroubled happiness that would soon become rare in Britten's music".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-matthews98_199-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[186]  The second Canticle was written in 1952, between Billy Budd and Gloriana, on the theme of Abraham's obedience to Divine Authority in the proffered sacrifice of his son Isaac.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-201" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[188]  <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-203" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 14]  "Canticle III" from 1954 is a setting of Edith Sitwell's wartime poem "Still Falls the Rain", composed just after The Turn of the Screw with which it is structurally and stylistically associated. The twelve-note cycle in the first five bars of the piano part of the Canticle introduced a feature that became thereafter a regular part of Britten's compositional technique.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-204" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[190]  The fourth Canticle, premiered in 1971 is based on T. S. Eliot's poem "Journey of the Magi". It is musically close to The Burning Fiery Furnace of 1966; Matthews refers to it as a "companion piece" to the earlier work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-205" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[191]  The final Canticle was another Eliot setting, his juvenile poem "Death of Saint Narcissus". Although Britten had little idea of what the poem was about,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-206" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[192]  the musicologist Arnold Whittall finds the text "almost frighteningly apt ... for a composer conscious of his own sickness".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-207" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[193]  Matthews sees Narcissus as "another figure from [Britten's] magic world of dreams and ideal beauty".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-208" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[194] ===Orchestral works<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Britten scholar Donald Mitchell has written, "It is easy, because of the scope, stature, and sheer volume of the operas, and the wealth of vocal music of all kinds, to pay insufficient attention to the many works Britten wrote in other, specifically non-vocal genres."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dnb_30-6" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[28]  Maw said of Britten, "He is one of the 20th century's great orchestral composers ... His orchestration has an individuality, incisiveness and integration with the musical material only achieved by the greatest composers."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-max_127-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[118]  Among Britten's best-known orchestral works are the Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge (1937), the Sinfonia da Requiem (1940), the Four Sea Interludes (1945) and The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1945). The Variations, an affectionate tribute to Britten's teacher, range from comic parodies of Italian operatic clichés and Viennese waltzes to a strutting march, reflecting the rise of militarism in Europe, and a Mahlerian funeral march; the piece ends with an exuberant fugal finale.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-209" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[195]  The Sinfonia moves from an opening Lacrymosa filled with fear and lamentation to a fierce Dies Irae and then to a final Requiem aeternam, described by the critic Herbert Glass as "the most uneasy 'eternal rest' possible".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-210" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[196]  Mason considers the Sinfonia a failure: "less entertaining than usual, because its object is not principally to entertain but to express symphonically. It fails because it is neither picturesquely nor formally symphonic".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mason1_191-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[179]  The Sea Interludes, adapted by Britten from the full score of Peter Grimes, make a concert suite depicting the sea and the Borough in which the opera is set; the character of the music is strongly contrasted between "Dawn", "Sunday Morning", "Moonlight" and "Storm". The commentator Howard Posner observes that there is not a bar in the interludes, no matter how beautiful, that is free of foreboding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-211" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[197]  The Young Person's Guide, based on a theme by Purcell, showcases the orchestra's individual sections and groups, and gained widespread popularity from the outset.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-headington82_212-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[198] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Matthews85_213-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[199]  Christopher Headington calls the work "exuberant and uncomplicated music, scored with clarity and vigour [that] fits well into Britten's oeuvre."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-headington82_212-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[198]  David Matthews calls it "a brilliant educational exercise."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Matthews85_213-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[199] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-215" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 15]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Unlike his English predecessors such as Elgar and Vaughan Williams, and composers from mainland Europe whom he admired, including Mahler and Shostakovich, Britten was not a classical symphonist. His youthfuljeux d'esprit the Simple Symphony (1934) is in conventional symphonic structure, observing sonata form and the traditional four-movement pattern, but of his mature works his Spring Symphony (1949) is more a song cycle than a true symphony,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-19" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  and the concertante Cello Symphony (1963) is an attempt to balance the traditional concerto and symphony. During its four movements the Cello Symphony moves from a deeply pessimistic opening to a finale of radiant happiness rare for Britten by this point.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-216" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[201]  The composer considered it "the finest thing I've written".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-217" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[202]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Piano Concerto (1938) was at first criticised for being too light-hearted and virtuoso. In 1945 Britten revised it, replacing a skittish third movement with a more sombre passacaglia that, in Matthews's view, gives the work more depth, and makes the apparent triumph of the finale more ambivalent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-218" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[203]  The Violin Concerto (1940) has virtuoso elements, but they are balanced by lyrical and elegiac passages, "undoubtedly reflecting Britten's growing concern with the escalation of world hostilities."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vc_219-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[204]  Neither concerto is among Britten's most popular works, but in the 21st century the Violin Concerto has been performed more frequently than before, both in the concert hall and on record.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vc_219-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[204]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten's incidental music for theatre, film and radio, much of it unpublished, was the subject of an essay by William Mann, published in 1952 in the first detailed critical assessment of Britten's music to that date.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-220" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[205]  Of these pieces the music for a radio play, The Rescue, by Edward Sackville-West, is praised by the musicologist Lewis Foreman as "of such stature and individual character as to be worth a regular place alongside [Britten's] other dramatic scores."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Foreman_221-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[206]  Mann finds in this score pre-echoes of the second act of Billy Budd,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-222" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[207]  while Foreman observes that Britten "appears to have made passing allusions to The Rescue in his final opera, Death in Venice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Foreman_221-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[206] ===Chamber and instrumental works<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten's close friendship with Rostropovich inspired the Cello Sonata (1961) and three suites for solo cello (1964–71).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-223" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[208]  String quartets featured throughout Britten's composing career, from a student work in 1928 to his Third String Quartet (1975). The second Quartet, from 1945, was written in homage to Purcell; Mason considered it Britten's most important instrumental work to that date.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mason2_194-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[181]  Referring to this work, Keller writes of the ease with which Britten, relatively early in his compositional career, solves "the modern sonata problem – the achievement of symmetry and unity within an extended ternary circle based on more than one subject". Keller likens the innovatory skill of the Quartet to that of Walton's Viola Concerto.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-224" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[209]  The third Quartet was Britten's last major work; the critic Colin Anderson said of it in 2007, "one of Britten's greatest achievements, one with interesting allusions to Bartók and Shostakovich, and written with an economy that opens out a depth of emotion that can be quite chilling."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-225" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[210]  The Gemini Variations (1965), for flute, violin and piano duet, were based on a theme of Zoltán Kodály and written as a virtuoso piece for the 13-year-old Jeney twins, musical prodigies whom Britten had met in Budapest in the previous year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-226" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[211]  For Osian Ellis, Britten wrote the Suite for Harp (1969), which Joan Chissell in The Times described as "a little masterpiece of concentrated fancy".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-227" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[212] ===Legacy<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Snape Maltings concert hall, a main venue of the Aldeburgh Festival, founded by Britten, Pears and Crozier<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten's fellow-composers had divided views about him. To Tippett he was "simply the most musical person I have ever met", with an "incredible" technical mastery;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-228" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[213]  some contemporaries, however, were less effusive. In Tippett's view Walton and others were convinced that Britten and Pears were leaders of a homosexual conspiracy in music,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-230" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 16] a belief Tippett dismisses as ridiculous, inspired by jealousy at Britten's postwar successes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-231" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[215]  Leonard Bernstein considered Britten "a man at odds with the world", and said of his music: "[I]f you hear it, not just listen to it superficially, you become aware of something very dark".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-232" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[216]  The tenor Robert Tear, who was closely associated with Britten in the latter part of the composer's career, made a similar point: "There was a great, huge abyss in his soul ... He got into the valley of the shadow of death and couldn't get out".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carpenter590_233-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[217]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the decade after Britten's death, his standing as a composer in Britain was to some extent overshadowed by that of the still-living Tippett.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-234" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[218]  The film-maker Tony Palmer, director of a 1979 TV documentary about Britten,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Palmer_235-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[219]  thought that Tippett's temporary ascendancy might have been a question of the two composers' contrasting personalities: Tippett had more warmth and had made fewer enemies. In any event this was a short-lived phenomenon; Tippett adherents such as the composer Robert Saxton soon rediscovered their enthusiasm for Britten, whose audience steadily increased during the final years of the 20th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carpenter590_233-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[217]  Britten has had few imitators; Brett describes him as "inimitable, possessed of ... a voice and sound too dangerous to imitate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-20" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  Nevertheless, after his death Britten was lauded by the younger generation of English composers to whom, in the words of Oliver Knussen, he became "a phenomenal father-figure".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carpenter590_233-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[217]  Brett believes that he affected every subsequent British composer to some extent: "He is a key figure in the growth of British musical culture in the second half of the 20th century, and his effect on everything from opera to the revitalization of music education is hard to overestimate."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-21" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Whittall believes that one reason for Britten's enduring popularity is the "progressive conservatism" of his music. He generally avoided the avant garde, and did not challenge the conventions in the way that contemporaries such as Tippett did.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-236" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[220]  Perhaps, says Brett, "the tide that swept away serialism, atonality and most forms of musical modernism and brought in neo-Romanticism, minimalism and other modes of expression involved with tonality carried with it renewed interest in composers who had been out of step with the times".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_62-22" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  Britten defined his mission as a composer in very simple terms: composers should aim at "pleasing people today as seriously as we can".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-237" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[221] ==Pianist and conductor<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten, though a reluctant conductor and a nervous pianist, was greatly sought after in both capacities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-238" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[222]  The piano accompanist Gerald Moore wrote in his memoirs about playing at all the main music festivals except for Aldeburgh, because "as the presiding genius there is the greatest accompanist in the world, my services are not needed".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-239" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[223] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-241" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 17]  Britten's recital partnership with Pears was his best-known collaboration, but he also accompanied Kathleen Ferrier, Rostropovich, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, James Bowman and John Shirley-Quirk, among others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-decca_242-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[225]  Though usually too nervous to play piano solos, Britten often performed piano duets with Clifford Curzon or Richter, and chamber music with the Amadeus Quartet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-decca_242-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[225]  The composers whose works, other than his own, he most often played were Mozart and Schubert; the latter, in Murray Perahia's view, was Britten's greatest idol.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-243" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[226]  As a boy and young man, Britten had intensely admired Brahms, but his admiration waned to nothing, and Brahms seldom featured in his repertory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-245" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 18]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Singers and players admired Britten's conducting, and David Webster rated it highly enough to offer him the musical directorship of the Covent Garden Opera in 1952.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-248" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 19]  Britten declined; he was not confident of his ability as a conductor and was reluctant to spend too much time performing rather than composing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-249" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[230]  As a conductor, Britten's repertory included Purcell, Bach, Haydn, Mozart and Schubert, and occasional less characteristic choices including Schumann's Scenes from Goethe's Faust; Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius and Introduction and Allegro; Holst's Egdon Heath and short pieces by Percy Grainger.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-decca_242-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[225] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-250" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[231] ==Recordings<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten, like Elgar and Walton before him, was signed up by a major British recording company,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-253" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 20]  and performed a considerable proportion of his output on disc. For the Decca Record Company he made somemonaural records in the 1940s and 1950s, followed, with the enthusiastic support of the Decca producer John Culshaw, by numerous stereophonic versions of his works.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-decca_242-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[225]  Culshaw wrote, "The happiest hours I have spent in any studio were with Ben, for the basic reason that it did not seem that we were trying to make records or video tapes; we were just trying to make music."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-254" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[234] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-256" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 21]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In May 1943 Britten made his debut in the Decca studios, accompanying Sophie Wyss in five of his arrangements of French folk songs. The following January he and Pears recorded together, in Britten's arrangements of British folk songs, and the following day, in duet with Curzon he recorded his Introduction and Rondo alla burlesca and Mazurka elegiaca. In May 1944 he conducted the Boyd Neel string orchestra,Dennis Brain and Pears in the first recording of the Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings, which has frequently been reissued, most recently on CD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-decca_242-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[225]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Britten's first operatic recording was The Turn of the Screw, made in January 1955 with the original English Opera Group forces. In 1957 he conducted The Prince of the Pagodas in an early stereo recording, supervised by Culshaw.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-decca_242-5" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[225]  Decca's first major commercial success with Britten came the following year, with Peter Grimes, which has, at 2013, never been out of the catalogues since its first release.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-decca_242-6" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[225]  From 1958 Britten conducted Decca recordings of many of his operas and vocal and orchestral works, including the Nocturne (1959), the Spring Symphony (1960) and the War Requiem (1963).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-decca_242-7" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[225]  The last sold in unexpectedly large numbers for a classical set, and thereafter Decca unstintingly made resources available to Culshaw and his successors for Britten recordings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-257" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[236]  Sets followed of Albert Herring (1964), the Sinfonia da Requiem(1964) Curlew River (1965), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1966), The Burning Fiery Furnace (1967), Billy Budd (1967) and many of the other major works.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-decca_242-8" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[225]  In 2013, to mark the anniversary of Britten's birth, Decca released a set of 65 CDs and one DVD, "Benjamin Britten – Complete Works".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-259" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 22]  Most of the recordings were from Decca's back catalogue, but in the interests of comprehensiveness a substantial number of tracks were licensed from 20 other companies including EMI, Virgin Classics, Naxos, Warner and NMC.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-complete_258-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[237]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">As a pianist and conductor in other composers' music, Britten made many recordings for Decca. Among his studio collaborations with Pears are sets of Schubert's Winterreise and Die schöne Müllerin, Schumann'sDichterliebe, and songs by Haydn, Mozart, Bridge, Ireland, Holst, Tippett and Richard Rodney Bennett.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-decca_242-9" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[225]  Other soloists whom Britten accompanied on record were Ferrier, Rostropovich and Vishnevskaya. As a conductor he recorded a wide range of composers, from Purcell to Grainger. Among his best-known Decca recordings are Purcell's The Fairy-Queen, Bach's Brandenburg concertos, Cantata 151, Cantata 102 and St John Passion, Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius and Mozart's last two symphonies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-decca_242-10" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[225] ==Honours, awards and commemorations<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">State honours awarded to Britten included Companion of Honour (Britain) in 1953; Commander of the Royal Order of the Polar Star (Sweden) in 1962; the Order of Merit (Britain) in 1965; and a life peerage (Britain) in July 1976.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TheLondon_133-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[124]  He received honorary degrees and fellowships from 19 conservatories and universities in Europe and America. His awards included the Hanseatic Goethe Prize (1961); the Aspen Award, Colorado (1964); the Royal Philharmonic Society's Gold Medal (1964); the Sibelius Prize (1965); the Mahler Medal (Bruckner and Mahler Society of America, 1967); the Léonie Sonning Music Prize (Denmark, 1968); the Ernst von Siemens Prize (1974); and the Ravel Prize (1974).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-260" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[238]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Prizes for individual works included UNESCO's International Rostrum of Composers 1961 (for A Midsummer Night's Dream); and for the War Requiem Grammy Awards 1963 – Classical Album of the Year, Best Classical Composition by a Contemporary Composer and Best Classical Performance – Choral (Other than Opera); the BRIT Awards 1977 – Best Orchestral Album of the past 25 years; and the Grammy Hall of Fame Award 1998.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-261" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[239]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Red House in Aldeburgh, where Britten and Pears lived and worked together from 1957 until Britten's death in 1976, is now the home of the Britten-Pears Foundation, established to promote their musical legacy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-262" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[240]  In Britten's centenary year his studio at the Red House was restored to the way it was in the 1950s and opened to the public. The converted hayloft was designed and built by H T Cadbury Brown in 1958 and was described by Britten as a "magnificent work".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-263" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[241]  In June 2013 Dame Janet Baker officially opened the Britten-Pears archive in a new building in the grounds of the Red House.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-264" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[242]

Scallop by Maggi Hambling is a sculpture dedicated to Benjamin Britten on the beach at Aldeburgh. The edge of the shell is pierced with the words "I hear those voices that will not be drowned" from Peter Grimes.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A memorial stone to Britten was unveiled in the north choir aisle of Westminster Abbey in 1978.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-265" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[243]  There are memorial plaques to him at three of his London homes: 173 Cromwell Road, 45a St John's Wood High Street,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-266" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[244]  and 8 Halliford Street in Islington.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-267" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[245]  In April 2013 Britten was honoured by the Royal Mail in the UK, as one of ten people selected as subjects for the "Great Britons" commemorative postage stamp issue.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-268" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[246]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Tony Palmer made three documentary films about Britten: Benjamin Britten & his Festival (1967), A Time There Was (1979) and Nocturne (2013).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Palmer_235-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[219]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Other creative artists have celebrated Britten. In 1970 Walton composed Improvisations on an Impromptu of Benjamin Britten, based on a theme from Britten's Piano Concerto.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-269" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[247]  Works commemorating Britten include Cantus in Memoriam Benjamin Britten an orchestral piece written in 1977 by Arvo Pärt, and Sally Beamish's Variations on a Theme of Benjamin Britten, based on the second Sea Interlude from Peter Grimes; she composed the work to mark Britten's centenary.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-270" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[248]  Alan Bennett depicts Britten in a 2009 play The Habit of Art, set while Britten is composing Death in Venice and centred on a fictional meeting between Britten and Auden. Britten was played in the premiere production by Alex Jennings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-271" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[249] ===Britten 100<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In September 2012, to mark the composer's forthcoming centenary, the Britten-Pears Foundation launched "Britten 100" at the Britten Theatre in the Royal College of Music. The events planned were a collaboration of leading organisations from the worlds of performing arts, publishing, broadcasting, film, academia and heritage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-272" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[250]  The feature filmBenjamin Britten – Peace and Conflict, written and directed by Tony Britten, and narrated by John Hurt, was released in May 2013. It includes observations from Joseph Horovitz, from the cellist and Auschwitz Women's Orchestra survivor Anita Lasker-Wallfisch, and from Sue Phipps, Peter Pears's niece and agent to Pears and Britten.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-273" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[251]  In London, the British Library mounted a centenary exhibition, "Poetry in Sound: The Music of Benjamin Britten", using its extensive collection of Britten manuscripts, with an accompanying series of talks by Britten experts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-274" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[252]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Britain centenary performances of the War Requiem were announced for 18 venues including St Paul's Cathedral and the Royal Albert Hall; opera productions included Owen Wingrave at Aldeburgh, Billy Budd at Glyndebourne, Death in Venice by English National Opera, Gloriana by The Royal Opera, and Peter Grimes, Death in Venice and A Midsummer Night's Dream by Opera North.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-events_275-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[253]  Internationally, the centenary is marked by performances of the War Requiem in Australia, Austria, China, Germany, Hungary, Japan and Russia; Peter Grimes in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Russia; and many of the other works across the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-events_275-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[253]  In The New York Times Anthony Tommasini wrote in June 2013, "In America alone the Britten festivities are coast to coast," and listed some of the major centenary events, including a festival atCarnegie Hall, performances at the New York Philharmonic and the Metropolitan Opera and Los Angeles Opera.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-276" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[254]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 17 June Peter Grimes was performed on the beach for the first time, at Aldeburgh, as the opening to the 2013 Aldeburgh Festival, with Steuart Bedford conducting and singers from the Chorus of Opera North and the Chorus of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-277" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[255]  In The Guardian, Andrew Clements described it as "a remarkable, and surely unrepeatable achievement."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-278" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[256]  In London, the opening night of the Proms, on 12 July 2013, featured a performance of the "Four Sea Interludes" from Peter Grimes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-279" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[257]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 1 September 2013 the Royal Mint unveiled a design for a 50-pence piece, commissioned to mark the centenary of Britten's birth – the first time a composer has featured on a British coin.