Arthur Sullivan

Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan MVO (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer. He is best known for his series of 14 operatic collaborations with the dramatist W. S. Gilbert, including such enduring works as H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado. Sullivan composed 23 operas, 13 major orchestral works, eight choral works and oratorios, two ballets, incidental music to several plays, and numerous hymns and other church pieces, songs, and piano and chamber pieces. The best known of his hymns and songs include "Onward Christian Soldiers" and "The Lost Chord".

The son of a military bandmaster, Sullivan composed his first anthem at age eight. He was selected as soloist in the boys' choir of the Chapel Royal. The Reverend Thomas Helmore, the choirmaster, encouraged Sullivan and arranged for the publication and performance of his early compositions. In 1856, the Royal Academy of Music awarded the first Mendelssohn Scholarship to the 14-year-old Sullivan, allowing him to study first at the Academy and then in Germany, at the Leipzig Conservatoire. His graduation piece was a suite of incidental music to Shakespeare's The Tempest. When it was performed in London in 1862, it was an immediate sensation. Sullivan began his composing career with a series of ambitious works, interspersed with hymns, parlour ballads and other light pieces. Among his best received early pieces were a ballet, L'Île Enchantée (1864), and his Irish Symphony, Cello Concerto and Overture in C (In Memoriam) (all in 1866). From 1861 to 1872, he supplemented his income by working as a church organist and as a music teacher.

In 1866, Sullivan composed his first one-act comic opera, Cox and Box, which is still widely performed. His most successful orchestral work, the Overture di Ballo, premiered in 1870, and the next year he published a song cycle, among other works. Sullivan's talent and native charm earned him many friends in musical and social circles, includingQueen Victoria's son Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. Also in 1871, Sullivan wrote his first opera with W. S. Gilbert, Thespis. The two then went their separate ways, and Sullivan produced his Festival Te Deum (1872), an oratorio, The Light of the World (1873), and other pieces, including incidental music for West End productions of several Shakespeare plays. He also had conducting and academic appointments. In 1875, however, producer Richard D'Oyly Carte reunited Gilbert and Sullivan to create a one-act piece, Trial by Jury, which became a surprise hit. Their 1878 opera H.M.S. Pinafore became an international sensation, as did The Pirates of Penzance (1879) and Patience (1881).

Carte used his profits from the Gilbert and Sullivan partnership to build the Savoy Theatre in 1881, and their joint works then became known as the Savoy operas. Later hits in the series were Iolanthe (1882), The Mikado (1885), The Yeomen of the Guard (1888) and The Gondoliers (1889). Sullivan was knighted for his contributions to music in 1883. His infrequent serious pieces during the 1880s included two oratorios, The Martyr of Antioch (1880) and The Golden Legend (1886), his most popular choral work. Sullivan's only serious opera, Ivanhoe, though initially highly successful in 1891, was little-heard after that. Gilbert broke from Sullivan in 1890, quarrelling over expenses at the Savoy. They reunited in the 1890s for two more operas, but those did not achieve popularity. Sullivan continued to compose comic operas with other librettists and a number of other major and minor works throughout the decade. After the death of his brother Fred in 1877, Sullivan supported Fred's widow and children financially for the rest of his life, effectively adopting his nephew Bertie. Sullivan died at the age of 58, regarded as the finest British composer of the 19th century. His comic opera style served as a model for the generations of musical theatre composers that followed, and his music is still frequently performed, recorded and pastiched.



Contents
[hide]  *1 Life and career  ==Life and career[ edit] == ===Beginnings[ edit] === Sullivan as a chorister of the Chapel Royal, circa 1855Sullivan was born in Lambeth, London.[1]  His parents were Thomas Sullivan (1805–1866), a military bandmaster, clarinettist and music teacher born in Ireland and raised in Chelsea, London, and Mary Clementina (née Coghlan, 1811–1882), English born, of Irish and Italian descent.[2]  Thomas Sullivan was based from 1845 to 1857 at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, where he was the bandmaster and taught music privately to supplement his income.[3] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[4]  Young Sullivan became proficient with many of the instruments in the band and had composed an anthem, "By the waters of Babylon", by the age of eight.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]  He later recalled: <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">I was intensely interested in all that the band did, and learned to play every wind instrument, with which I formed not merely a passing acquaintance, but a real, life-long, intimate friendship. I gradually learned the peculiarities of each ... what it could do and what it was unable to do. I learned in the best possible way how to write for an orchestra.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-young4_6-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[6] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Despite the boy's obvious musical talent, Thomas Sullivan knew the disappointments and insecurity of a musical career, and discouraged him from pursuing it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[7]  While studying at a private school in Bayswater, Sullivan, then aged 11, persuaded his parents and the headmaster, William Gordon Plees,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8]  to allow him to apply for membership in the choir of the Chapel Royal. Despite concerns that Sullivan at nearly 12 years of age was too old to give much service as a treble before his voice broke, he was accepted and soon became a soloist and, by 1856, was promoted to "first boy".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[9]  Even at this age, Sullivan's health was delicate, and he was easily fatigued.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobs.2C_pp._12.E2.80.9313_10-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[10]
 * 1.1 Beginnings
 * 1.2 Mendelssohn scholar
 * 1.3 Rising composer
 * 1.4 1870s; first collaborations with Gilbert
 * 1.5 Early 1880s
 * 1.6 Later 1880s
 * 1.7 1890s
 * 1.8 Death, honours and legacy
 * 2 Personal life
 * 2.1 Romantic life
 * 2.2 Leisure and family life
 * 3 Music
 * 3.1 Method and text setting
 * 3.2 Melody and rhythm
 * 3.3 Harmony and counterpoint
 * 3.4 Orchestration
 * 3.5 Musical quotations and parodies
 * 4 Reputation and criticism
 * 4.1 Early reception
 * 4.2 Knighthood and later years
 * 4.3 Posthumous reputation
 * 5 Recordings
 * 6 See also
 * 7 Notes and references
 * 8 Sources
 * 9 Further reading
 * 10 External links

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan flourished under the training of the Reverend Thomas Helmore, master of the choristers, and began to compose anthems and songs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobs11_11-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[11]  Helmore encouraged the young Sullivan's composing talent and arranged for one of his pieces, "O Israel", to be published in 1855, Sullivan's first published work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[12]  Helmore also enlisted Sullivan's assistance in creating harmonisations for a volume of The Hymnal Noted<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-musicaltimes_13-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[13]  and arranged for Sullivan's compositions to be performed; one of the boy's anthems was given at the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace under the direction of Sir George Smart.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobs11_11-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[11] ===Mendelssohn scholar<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Sullivan at age 16, studying at Leipzig<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1856, the Royal Academy of Music awarded the first Mendelssohn Scholarship to the 14-year-old Sullivan, granting him a year's training at the academy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobs.2C_pp._12.E2.80.9313_10-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[10] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 1]  His principal teacher there was John Goss, whose own teacher, Thomas Attwood, had been a pupil of Mozart.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mack_16-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[15]  He studied piano with the head of the academy, William Sterndale Bennett. During this year at the Royal Academy, Sullivan continued to sing solos with the Chapel Royal, which provided a small amount of spending money.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[16]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's scholarship was extended to a second year, and in 1858 in what the biographer Arthur Jacobs calls an "extraordinary gesture of confidence"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobs17_18-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[17]  the scholarship committee extended his grant for a third year so that he could study in Germany, at the Leipzig Conservatoire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobs17_18-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[17]  While there, Sullivan studied composition with Julius Rietz and Carl Reinecke, counterpoint with Moritz Hauptmann and Ernst Richter and the piano with Louis Plaidy and Ignaz Moscheles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[18]  He was trained in Mendelssohn's ideas and techniques but was also exposed to a variety of musical styles, including Schubert, Verdi, Bach, and Wagner.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobs24_20-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[19]  Visiting a synagogue,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 2]  he was so struck by some of the cadences and progressions of the music that thirty years later he could recall them for use in his serious opera, Ivanhoe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobs24_20-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[19]  Originally intended to spend a year in Leipzig, Sullivan stayed there for three years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[22]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">During his years in Germany, Sullivan became friendly with the impresario Carl Rosa and the violinist Joseph Joachim.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[23]  For his last year at Leipzig, his father scraped together the money for living expenses, and the conservatoire assisted by waiving its fees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobs23_26-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[24]  Sullivan credited his Leipzig period with tremendous musical growth. His graduation piece, completed in 1861, was a set of incidental music to Shakespeare's The Tempest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobs24_20-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[19]  Revised and expanded, it was performed at the Crystal Palace in 1862, a year after his return to London, and was an immediate sensation. He began building a reputation as England's most promising young composer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[25] ===Rising composer<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Colleagues and collaborators: clockwise from top left, George Grove, F.C. Burnand, Richard D'Oyly Carte, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.S._Gilbert W.S. Gilbert]<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan embarked on his composing career with a series of ambitious works, interspersed with hymns, parlour songs and other light pieces in a more commercial vein. His compositions were not enough to support him financially, and from 1861 to 1872 he supplemented his income by working as a church organist, which he enjoyed, and as a music teacher, sometimes at the Crystal Palace School,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[26]  which he hated and gave up as soon as he could.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[27] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 3]  Sullivan had an early chance to compose several pieces for royalty, in connection with the wedding of the Prince of Wales in 1863.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[29]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's long association with works for the voice began with The Masque at Kenilworth (Birmingham Festival, 1864).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[30]  During a spell as organist at Covent Garden, he composed his first ballet, L'Île Enchantée (1864), and had his first experience of opera, which was directed there by Michael Costa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[31]  In 1866, he premiered his Irish Symphonyand Cello Concerto, his only works in each such genre.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[32]  In the same year, his Overture in C (In Memoriam), commemorating the recent death of his father, was a commission from the Norwich Festival. During his lifetime, it achieved considerable popularity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[33]  In 1867, his overture Marmion was premiered by the Philharmonic Society.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_30-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[28]  The Timescalled it "another step in advance on the part of the only composer of any remarkable promise that just at present we can boast."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[34]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the autumn of 1867, Sullivan travelled with George Grove to Vienna, in search of neglected manuscript scores by Schubert.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[35]  They found and copied several and were particularly excited about their final discovery, which Grove described thus: "I found, at the bottom of the cupboard and in its farthest corner, a bundle of music books two feet high, carefully tied round, and black with the undisturbed dust of nearly half-a-century. ... There were the part books of the whole of the music in Rosamunde, tied up after the second performance, in December 1823, and probably never disturbed since. Dr. Schneider [curator] must have been amused at our excitement ... at any rate, he kindly overlooked it, and gave us permission to ... copy what we wanted."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[36]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's first attempt at opera, The Sapphire Necklace (1863–64) to a libretto by Henry F. Chorley, was not produced and is now lost, except for the overture and two songs from the work, which were separately published.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[37]  His first surviving opera, Cox and Box (1866), was originally written for a private performance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[38]  It then received charity performances in London and Manchester, and was later produced at the Gallery of Illustration, where it ran for an extraordinary 264 performances. W. S. Gilbert, writing in Fun magazine, pronounced the score superior to F. C. Burnand's libretto.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[39]  The first Sullivan-Burnand collaboration led to a commission by Thomas German Reed for a two-act opera, The Contrabandista (1867; revised and expanded as The Chieftain in 1894), but it did not do as well.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[40]  Sullivan wrote a group of seven part songs in 1868, the best-known of which is "The Long Day Closes".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hymnssongs_44-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[41]  Sullivan's last major work of the 1860s was a short oratorio, The Prodigal Son, premiered in Worcester Cathedral as part of the 1869 Three Choirs Festival to much praise.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[42] ===1870s; first collaborations with Gilbert<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Early poster showing scenes fromThe Sorcerer, H.M.S. Pinafore and Trial by Jury<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's most successful orchestral work,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes14_46-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[43]  the Overture di Ballo, was composed for the Birmingham Festival in 1870.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 4]  1871 was a busy year for Sullivan. He published his only song cycle, The Window; or, The Songs of the Wrens (1871), to words by Tennyson.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[45]  In the same year, he wrote the first of a series of suites of incidental music forWest End productions of Shakespeare plays.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 5]  Still in 1871, Sullivan composed a dramatic cantata, On Shore and Sea, for the opening of the London International Exhibition<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[48]  and the hymn Onward, Christian Soldiers, with words by Sabine Baring-Gould.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hymnssongs_44-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[41]  The Salvation Army adopted the latter as its favoured processional,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[49]  and it became Sullivan's most enduring hymn.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hymnssongs_44-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[41]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">At the end of 1871, the impresario John Hollingshead commissioned Sullivan to work with W. S. Gilbert to create the burlesque-style comic opera Thespis for the Gaiety Theatre.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[50] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 6]  Conceived as a Christmas entertainment, it ran through to Easter 1872, a good run for such a piece.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[54] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 7]  After Thespis, Gilbert and Sullivan went their separate ways<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[56]  until they collaborated on three parlour ballads in late 1874 and early 1875.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[57]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's large-scale works of the early 1870s were the Festival Te Deum (Crystal Palace, 1872);<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobs75_65-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  and the oratorio, The Light of the World (Birmingham Festival, 1873).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobs75_65-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58] He provided suites of incidental music for a production of The Merry Wives of Windsor at the Gaiety in 1874<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[59]  and Henry VIII at the Theatre Royal, Manchester in 1877.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[60]  He continued to compose hymns throughout the decade.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 8]  In 1873, Sullivan contributed songs to Burnand's Christmas "drawing room extravaganza", The Miller and His Man.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[62]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1875, the manager of the Royalty Theatre, Richard D'Oyly Carte, needed a short piece to fill out a bill with Offenbach's La Périchole. Carte had conducted Sullivan's Cox and Box.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[63] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 9]  Remembering Thespis, Carte reunited Gilbert and Sullivan, and the result was the one-act comic opera Trial by Jury.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 10]  Trial, starring Sullivan's brother Fred as the Learned Judge, became a surprise hit, earning glowing praise from the critics and playing for 300 performances over its first few seasons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Allen30_76-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[66]  The Daily Telegraphcommented that the piece illustrated the composer's "great capacity for dramatic writing of the lighter class",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Allen30_76-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[66]  and other reviews emphasised the felicitous combination of Gilbert's words and Sullivan's music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[67]  One wrote, "it seems, as in the great Wagnerian operas, as though poem and music had proceeded simultaneously from one and the same brain."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World226_78-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[68]  Soon after the opening of Trial, Sullivan wrote The Zoo, another one-act comic opera, with a libretto by B. C. Stephenson.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[69]  But the latter work had only a few short runs, and for the next 15 years, Sullivan's sole operatic collaborator was Gilbert; the two created an additional 12 operas together.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[70] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan also turned out more than 80 popular songs and parlour ballads, most of them written before the end of the 1870s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[71]  His first popular song was "Orpheus with his Lute" (1866), and a well-received part song was "Oh! hush thee, my babie" (1867).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-musicaltimes_13-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[13]  The best known of his songs is "The Lost Chord" (1877, lyrics byAdelaide Anne Procter), written in sorrow at the death of his brother Frederic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[72]  The sheet music for his best received songs sold in large numbers, and were an important part of his income; many of them were adapted as dance pieces.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[73] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[74]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In this decade, Sullivan's conducting appointments included the Glasgow Choral Union concerts, 1875–77 and the Royal Aquarium, London, 1876.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[75]  In addition to his appointment as Professor of Composition at the Royal Academy of Music, of which he was a Fellow, he was appointed as the first Principal of the National Training School for Music in 1876.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wright_86-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[76]  He accepted the latter post reluctantly, fearing that discharging the duties thoroughly would leave too little time for composing. In this he was correct, as his successor Hubert Parry also discovered.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[77]  Sullivan was not effective in the post, and resigned in 1881.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 11]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's next collaboration with Gilbert, The Sorcerer (1877), ran for 178 performances,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[78]  a success by the standards of the day,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[79]  but H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), which followed it, turned Gilbert and Sullivan into an international phenomenon.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[80]  The bright and cheerful music of Pinafore was composed during a time when Sullivan suffered from excruciating pain from a kidney stone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[81] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[82]  Pinafore ran for 571 performances in London, and more than 100 unauthorised productions were quickly mounted in America alone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 12]  Among other favourable reviews, The Times noted that the opera was an early attempt at the establishment of a "national musical stage" ... free from risqué French "improprieties" and without the "aid" of Italian and German musical models.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[84]  The Times and several of the other papers agreed, however, that while the piece was entertaining, Sullivan was capable of higher art, and frivolous light opera would hold him back.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[85]  This criticism would follow Sullivan throughout his career.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Baily250_98-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[86]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1879, Sullivan suggested to a reporter from The New York Times the secret of his success with Gilbert: "His ideas are as suggestive for music as they are quaint and laughable. His numbers ... always give me musical ideas."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MrSullivan_99-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[87]  Pinafore was followed by The Pirates of Penzance in 1879, another international success, which opened in New York and then ran in London for 363 performances.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[88] ===Early 1880s<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Sullivan directing the Leeds Music Festival, 1886<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1880, Sullivan was appointed director of the triennial Leeds Music Festival.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[89]  For his first festival he was commissioned to write a sacred choral work. He chose Henry Hart Milman's 1822 dramatic poem based on the life and death of Saint Margaret the Virgin for its basis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[90]  Gilbert adapted the libretto for Sullivan, abridging it, rearranging sections, reassigning lines, and making a few additions of his own.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[91]  The Martyr of Antioch premiered in October 1880. Sullivan was not a showy conductor, and some thought him dull and old fashioned on the podium,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 13]  but his composition had an enthusiastic reception and was frequently revived.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[94]  A grateful Sullivan presented his collaborator with an engraved silver cup inscribed "W.S. Gilbert from his friend Arthur Sullivan."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 14]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">After the run of The Pirates of Penzance, Carte opened the next Gilbert and Sullivan piece, Patience, in April 1881 at London's Opera Comique, where their past three operas had played. In October, Patience transferred to the new, larger, state-of-the-art Savoy Theatre, built with the profits of the previous Gilbert and Sullivan works. The rest of the partnership's collaborations were produced at the Savoy, as a result of which they are widely known as the "Savoy Operas".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[96]  Iolanthe (1882), Gilbert and Sullivan's fourth hit in a row, was the first of the operas to premiere at the new theatre.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[97]  Sullivan, despite the financial security of writing for the Savoy, increasingly viewed his work with Gilbert as unimportant, beneath his skills, and also repetitious. After Iolanthe, Sullivan had not intended to write a new work with Gilbert, but he suffered a serious financial loss when his broker went bankrupt in November 1882. Therefore, he concluded that his financial needs required him to continue writing Savoy operas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[98]  In February 1883, he signed a five-year agreement with Gilbert and Carte, requiring him to produce a new comic opera on six months' notice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[99]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">On 22 May 1883, Sullivan was knighted by Queen Victoria.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[100]  Although the operas with Gilbert had earned him the broadest fame, the honour was conferred for his services to serious music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[101]  The musical establishment, and many critics, believed that this should put an end to his career as a composer of comic opera – that a musical knight should not stoop below oratorio or grand opera.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Baily250_98-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[86]  Having just signed the five-year agreement, Sullivan suddenly felt trapped.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[102]  In mid-December, he bade farewell to his sister-in-law Charlotte, Fred's widow, who emigrated with her young family to America. Sullivan's oldest nephew, Herbert, stayed behind in England as his uncle's ward.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[103]  The next opera, Princess Ida (1884, the duo's only three-act, blank verse work), had a noticeably shorter run than its four predecessors, although Sullivan's score was praised. With box office receipts lagging in March 1884, Carte gave the six months' notice for a new opera required under the partnership contract.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[104]  Sullivan's close friend, the composer Frederic Clay, had suffered a serious stroke in early December 1883 that effectively ended his career at the age of 45. Sullivan, reflecting on this, on his own longstanding kidney problems, and on his desire to devote himself to more serious music, replied to Carte, "[I]t is impossible for me to do another piece of the character of those already written by Gilbert and myself."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[105]

Programme for The Mikado, 1885<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Gilbert had already started work on a new opera involving a plot in which people fell in love against their wills after taking a magic lozenge. The composer wrote, on 1 April 1884 that he had "come to the end of my tether" with the operas: "I have been continually keeping down the music in order that not one [syllable] should be lost. ... I should like to set a story of human interest & probability where the humorous words would come in a humorous (not serious) situation, & where, if the situation were a tender or dramatic one the words would be of similar character."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[106]  In a lengthy exchange of correspondence, Sullivan pronounced Gilbert's plot sketch (particularly the "lozenge" element) unacceptably mechanical, and too similar in both its grotesque "elements of topsyturveydom" and in actual plot to their earlier work, especially The Sorcerer,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 15]  and repeatedly requested that Gilbert find a new subject.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[107]  The impasse was finally resolved on 8 May when Gilbert proposed a plot that did not depend on any supernatural device. The result was Gilbert and Sullivan's most successful work, The Mikado (1885).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[108]  The piece ran for 672 performances, which was the second-longest run for any work of musical theatre, and one of the longest runs of any theatre piece, up to that time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 16] ===Later 1880s<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Portrait by Millais (1888) in the National Portrait Gallery, London. It hangs next to Frank Holl's 1886 portrait of Gilbert.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1886, Sullivan composed his second and last large-scale choral work of the decade. It was a cantata for the Leeds Festival, The Golden Legend, based on Longfellow's poem of the same name. Apart from the comic operas, this proved to be Sullivan's best received full-length work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[110]  It was given hundreds of performances during his lifetime, and at one point he declared a moratorium on its presentation, fearing that it would become over-exposed<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[111]  Only Handel's Messiah was performed more often in Britain in the 1880s and 90s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hulme_128-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[112]  It remained in the repertory until about the 1920s, but since then it has been seldom performed,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[113]  although it received its first professional recording in 2001.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hulme_128-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[112]  The musical scholar and conductor David Russell Hulme writes that the work influenced Elgar and Walton.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 17]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Ruddigore followed The Mikado at the Savoy in 1887. It ran profitably for nine months but was disappointing compared with most of the earlier Savoy operas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[114]  For their next piece, Gilbert submitted another version of the magic lozenge plot; Sullivan immediately rejected it. Gilbert finally proposed a comparatively serious opera, to which Sullivan agreed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[115] Although it was not a grand opera, The Yeomen of the Guard (1888) provided him with the opportunity to compose his most ambitious stage work to date.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[116]  As early as 1883, Sullivan had been under pressure from the musical establishment to write a grand opera. In 1885, he told an interviewer, ""The opera of the future is a compromise [among the French, German and Italian schools] – a sort of eclectic school, a selection of the merits of each one. I myself will make an attempt to produce a grand opera of this new school. ... Yes, it will be an historical work, and it is the dream of my life.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sfc_134-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[117]  After The Yeomen of the Guard opened, Sullivan turned once again to Shakespeare, composing incidental music for Henry Irving's production of Macbeth (1888).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[118]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan wished to produce further serious works with Gilbert. He had collaborated with no other librettist since 1875. But Gilbert felt that the reaction to The Yeomen of the Guard had "not been so convincing as to warrant us in assuming that the public want something more earnest still."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WriteTwoOperas_136-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[119]  He proposed instead that Sullivan should go ahead with his plan to write a grand opera, but should continue also to compose comic works for the Savoy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 18]  Sullivan was not immediately persuaded. He replied, "I have lost the liking for writing comic opera, and entertain very grave doubts as to my power of doing it."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 19]  Nevertheless, a compromise was reached: Sullivan commissioned a grand opera libretto from Julian Sturgis (who was recommended by Gilbert), while suggesting to Gilbert that he revive an old idea for an opera set in colourful Venice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[121]  The comic opera was completed first: The Gondoliers (1889) was a piece described by Hughes as a pinnacle of Sullivan's achievement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes.2C_p._24_141-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[122]  It was the last great Gilbert and Sullivan success.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[123] ===1890s<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Ivanhoe, 1891<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The relationship between Gilbert and Sullivan suffered its most serious breach in April 1890, during the run of The Gondoliers, when Gilbert objected to Carte's financial accounts for the production, including a charge to the partnership for the cost of new carpeting for the Savoy Theatre lobby. Gilbert believed that this was a maintenance expense that should be charged to Carte alone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[124]  Carte was building a new theatre to present Sullivan's forthcoming grand opera, and Sullivan sided with Carte, going so far as to testify erroneously as to certain old debts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[125]  Gilbert took legal action against Carte and Sullivan and vowed to write no more for the Savoy, and so the partnership came to an acrimonious end.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[126]  Sullivan wrote to Gilbert in September 1890 that he was "physically and mentally ill over this wretched business. I have not yet got over the shock of seeing our names coupled ... in hostile antagonism over a few miserable pounds".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-146" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[127]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's only grand opera, Ivanhoe, based on Walter Scott's novel, opened at Carte's new Royal English Opera House on 31 January 1891. Sullivan completed the score too late to meet Carte's planned production date, and costs mounted as the producer had to pay performers, crew and others, while the theatre sat empty. Sullivan was required to pay Carte a contractual penalty of £3,000 for his delay.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[128] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-148" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[129]  The production lasted for 155 consecutive performances, an unprecedented run for a serious opera, and earned good notices for its music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GP_149-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[130]  Afterwards, Carte was unable to fill the new opera house with other opera productions, however, and Ivanhoe was blamed for the failure of the opera house. The opera passed into obscurity after a touring revival in 1894–95.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GP_149-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[130] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-150" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[131]  The episode was, as the critic Herman Klein observed, "the strangest comingling of success and failure ever chronicled in the history of British lyric enterprise!"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-151" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[132]  Sullivan did not seriously consider writing grand opera again. Later in 1891, Sullivan composed music for Tennyson's The Foresters, which ran well at Daly's Theatre in New York in 1892, but failed in London the following year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-156" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 20]

Poster for The Chieftain(1894)<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan returned to comic opera, but because of the fracture with Gilbert, he and Carte sought other collaborators. Sullivan's next piece was Haddon Hall (1892), with a libretto by Sydney Grundy based loosely on the historical elopement of Dorothy Vernon with John Manners.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-157" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[137]  Although still comic, the tone and style of the work was considerably more serious and romantic than most of the operas with Gilbert. It enjoyed a modest popularity, running for 204 performances, and earned critical praise.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-158" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[138]  In 1895, Sullivan once more provided incidental music for the Lyceum, this time for J. Comyns Carr's King Arthur.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-159" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[139]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The partnership with Gilbert had been so profitable that, after the financial failure of the Royal English Opera House, Carte and his wife sought to reunite the author and composer, eventually succeeding with the help of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chappell_%26_Co. Tom Chappell], their music publisher.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-160" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[140]  Their next opera, Utopia Limited (1893), ran for 245 performances, barely covering the expenses of the lavish production.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-161" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[141]  Sullivan came to disapprove of the leading lady, Nancy McIntosh, and refused to write another piece featuring her, while Gilbert insisted that she must appear in his next opera.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[142]  Instead, Sullivan teamed up again with his old partner, F. C. Burnand. The Chieftain (1894), a heavily-revised version of their earlier two-act opera, The Contrabandista, flopped.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-163" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[143]  Gilbert and Sullivan reunited one more time, after McIntosh announced her retirement from the stage, for The Grand Duke (1896). This also failed, and Sullivan never worked with Gilbert again, although their operas continued to be revived with success at the Savoy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-164" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[144]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In May 1897, Sullivan's full-length ballet, Victoria and Merrie England, opened at the Alhambra Theatre to celebrate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. The work's seven scenes celebrate English history and culture, with the Victorian period as the grand finale. Its six-month run was considered a great achievement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-165" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[145]  The Beauty Stone (1898), with a libretto by Arthur Wing Pinero and J. Comyns Carr was based on mediaeval morality plays. The collaboration did not go particularly well: Sullivan wrote that Pinero and Comyns Carr were "gifted and brilliant men, with no experience in writing for music",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-166" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[146]  and, when he asked for alterations to improve the structure, they refused.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-167" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[147]  Sullivan's score, moreover, was too serious for the Savoy audiences' tastes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-168" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[148]  The opera was both a critical failure and did not attract a following, running for only seven weeks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-169" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[149]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1899, to benefit "the wives and children of soldiers and sailors" on active service in the Boer War, Sullivan composed the music of a jingoistic song, "The Absent-Minded Beggar", to a text by Rudyard Kipling, which became an instant sensation and raised an unprecedented £250,000 from performances and the sale of sheet music and related merchandise.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-170" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[150]  In The Rose of Persia (1899), Sullivan returned to his comic roots, writing to a libretto by Basil Hood that combined an exotic Arabian Nights setting with plot elements of The Mikado. Sullivan's tuneful score was well received, and the opera proved to be his most successful full-length collaboration apart from those with Gilbert.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-171" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[151]  Another opera with Hood, The Emerald Isle, quickly went into preparation, but Sullivan died before it could be completed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-172" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[152] ===Death, honours and legacy<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Further information: Cultural influence of Gilbert and SullivanMemorial to Sullivan, Victoria Embankment Gardens, London<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Having suffered from long-standing recurrent kidney disease that made it necessary, from the 1880s, for him to conduct sitting down, Sullivan died of heart failure, following an attack of bronchitis, at his flat in London on 22 November 1900.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-odnb_173-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[153]  His unfinished opera, The Emerald Isle, was completed by Edward German and produced in 1901. His Te Deum Laudamus, written to commemorate the end of the Boer War, was performed posthumously.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-174" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[154]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">A monument in the composer's memory featuring a weeping Muse was erected in the Victoria Embankment Gardens in London and is inscribed with Gilbert's words from The Yeomen of the Guard: "Is life a boon? If so, it must befall that Death, whene'er he call, must call too soon". Sullivan wished to be buried in Brompton Cemetery with his parents and brother, but by order of the Queen he was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-175" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[155]  In addition to his knighthood, honours awarded to Sullivan in his lifetime included Doctor in Music,honoris causa, by the Universities of Cambridge (1876) and Oxford (1879); Chevalier, Légion d'honneur, France (1878); The Order of the Medjidieh conferred by the Sultan of Turkey (1888); and appointment as a Member of the Fourth Class of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) on 30 June 1897.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-musicaltimes_13-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[13] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-176" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[156]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In all, Sullivan's artistic output included 23 operas, 13 major orchestral works, eight choral works and oratorios, two ballets, one song cycle, incidental music to several plays, numerous hymns and other church pieces, and a large body of songs, parlour ballads, part songs, carols, and piano and chamber pieces.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_30-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[28]  Sullivan's operas have often been adapted, first in the 19th century as dance pieces<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-177" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[157]  and in foreign adaptations of the operas themselves. Since then, his music has been made into ballets (see Pineapple Poll(1951) and Pirates of Penzance - The Ballet! (1991)) and musicals (The Swing Mikado (1938), The Hot Mikado (1939) and Hot Mikado (1986), Hollywood Pinafore (1945), The Black Mikado (1975), etc.). They are not only frequently performed, but also frequently parodied, pastiched, quoted and imitated in comedy routines, film, television, advertising and other popular media.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PeterDowns_178-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[158] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-179" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[159]  His legacy, apart from writing the Savoy operas and his other works, is felt perhaps most strongly today through his influence on the American and British musical theatre. The innovations in content and form of the works that he and Gilbert developed directly influenced the development of the modern musical throughout the 20th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PeterDowns_178-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[158] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-180" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[160]  In addition, biographies and scholarly articles and analyses continue to be written about Sullivan's life and work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-181" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[161] ==Personal life<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Romantic life<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Fanny Ronalds<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan never married, but the handsome composer<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MrSullivan_99-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[87]  had serious love affairs with several women.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-183" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 21]  The first was with Rachel Scott Russell (1845–1882), the daughter of the engineer John Scott Russell. Sullivan was a frequent visitor at the Scott Russell home in the mid-1860s, and by 1865 the affair was in full bloom. Rachel's parents did not approve of a possible union to a young composer with uncertain financial prospects, but the two continued to see each other covertly. At some point in 1868, Sullivan started a simultaneous (and secret) affair with Rachel's sister Louise (1841–1878). Both relationships had ceased by early 1869.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-184" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[163]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's longest love affair was with the American socialite, Mary Frances ("Fanny") Ronalds née Carter, a woman three years Sullivan's senior, who had two children.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ainger128_185-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[164]  He met her in Paris around 1867, and the affair began in earnest soon after she moved to London permanently in 1871.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ainger128_185-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[164]  A contemporary account described Fanny Ronalds this way: "Her face was perfectly divine in its loveliness, her features small and exquisitely regular. Her hair was a dark shade of brown – châtain foncé [deep chestnut] – and very abundant ... a lovely woman, with the most generous smile one could possibly imagine, and the most beautiful teeth."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-186" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[165]  Sullivan called her "the best amateur singer in London".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-187" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[166]  She often performed Sullivan's songs at her famous Sunday soirees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ainger128_185-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[164]  She became particularly associated with "The Lost Chord", singing it both in private and in public, often with Sullivan accompanying her.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-188" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[167]  When Sullivan died, he left her the autograph manuscript of that song, along with other bequests.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-189" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[168]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Ronalds was separated from her American husband, but she was never divorced. Social conventions of the time compelled Sullivan and Ronalds to keep their relationship private. In his diary, he would refer to her as "Mrs. Ronalds" when he saw her in a public setting, but "L. W." (for "Little Woman") or "D. H." (possibly "Dear Heart") when they were alone together, often with a number in parentheses indicating the number of sexual acts completed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-190" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[169] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-191" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[170]  It is thought that Ronalds was pregnant on at least two occasions,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-192" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[171]  and she apparently procured an abortion in 1882 and again in 1884.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-193" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[172]  Sullivan had a roving eye, and his diary records the occasional quarrel when Ronalds discovered his other liaisons, but he always returned to her.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-195" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 22]  She was a constant companion up to the time of Sullivan's death, but around 1889 or 1890, the sexual relationship seems to have ended.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-196" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[174]  He started to refer to her in the diary as "Auntie",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-197" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[175]  and the tick marks indicating sexual activity were no longer there, although similar notation continued to be used for his relationships with other women who have not been identified, and who were always referred to by their initials.

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1896, the 54-year-old Sullivan proposed marriage to the 22-year-old Violet Beddington (1874–1962), but she refused him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-198" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[176] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobs_199-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[177] ===Leisure and family life<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Sullivan and his nephewHerbert ("Bertie")<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan loved to spend time in France (both in Paris and the south of France), where his friends ranged from Princess Marie-Amélie of Orleans to the composer Claude Debussy,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Debussy_200-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[178] and where the casinos enabled him to indulge his passion for gambling.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-201" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[179]  He enjoyed hosting private entertainments at his home, often featuring famous singers and well-known actors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GGReminiscence_202-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[180]  In 1865 he joined the Freemasons and was the masonic national Grand Organist in 1887 during Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-203" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[181]  Sullivan's talent and native charm gained him the friendship of many not only in the musical establishment, such as Grove, Chorley, and Herman Klein, but also in society circles, such as Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-204" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[182] Sullivan enjoyed playing tennis although, according to George Grossmith, "I have seen some bad lawn-tennis players in my time, but I never saw anyone so bad as Arthur Sullivan".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GGReminiscence_202-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[180]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan was devoted to his parents, particularly his mother, with whom he corresponded regularly when away from London, until her death in 1882. Henry Lytton wrote, "I believe there was never a more affectionate tie than that which existed between [Sullivan] and his mother, a very witty old lady, and one who took an exceptional pride in her son's accomplishments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-205" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[183]  Sullivan was also very fond of his brother Fred, whose acting career he assisted whenever possible,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-210" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 23]  and of Fred's children.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-211" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[188]  When Fred died at the age of 39, he left his pregnant wife, Charlotte, with seven children under the age of 14. After Fred's death, Arthur visited the family often and became guardian to all of the children.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-212" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[189]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1883, Charlotte and six of her children emigrated to Los Angeles, California, leaving the oldest boy, "Bertie", in Sullivan's sole care. Despite his reservations about the move to America, Sullivan paid all the costs and continued to give substantial financial support to the family.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-213" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[190]  Only a year after moving to Los Angeles, in January 1885, Charlotte died, leaving the six children to be raised mostly by her brother and the older girls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-214" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[191]  From June to August 1885, after The Mikado premiered, Sullivan visited the family in Los Angeles and took them on a sightseeing trip of the American west.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-215" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[192]  He continued, throughout the rest of his life, and in his will, to take good care of Fred's children, continuing to correspond with them and to be concerned with their education, marriages and financial affairs. Bertie stayed with his uncle Arthur for the rest of the composer's life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-216" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[193]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Three of Sullivan's cousins, the daughters of his uncle John Thomas Sullivan, performed with D'Oyly Carte: Rose, Jane ("Jennie") and Kate Sullivan, the first two of whom used the stage surname Hervey. Kate was a chorister who defected to the Comedy Opera Company's rival production of H.M.S. Pinafore where she had the opportunity to play Josephine in 1879.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-217" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[194]  Jennie was a D'Oyly Carte chorister for fourteen years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-218" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[195] Rose took principal roles in many of the companion pieces that played with the Savoy operas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-219" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[196] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-220" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[197] ==Music<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Main article: List of musical compositions by Arthur Sullivan===Method and text setting<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ===

Sullivan by the cartoonist"Ape"<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan told an interviewer, Arthur Lawrence, "I don't use the piano in composition – that would limit me terribly". Sullivan explained that his process of composition was not to wait for inspiration like "a miner seated at the top of a shaft", waiting for "the coal to come bubbling up to the surface. ... He has to dig for it. ... The first thing I have to decide upon is the rhythm, and I decide on that before I come to the question of melody. The notes must come afterwards. ... I mark out the metre in dots and dashes, and not until I have quite settled on the rhythm do I proceed to actual notation."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lawrence2_221-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[198]  Sullivan's text setting, compared with that of his 19th century English predecessors or his European contemporaries, was "vastly more sensitive. ... Sullivan's operatic style attempts to create for itself a uniquely English text-music synthesis", and, in addition, by adopting a conservative musical style, he was able to achieve "the clarity to match Gilbert's finely honed wit with musical wit of his own."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-222" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[199]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In composing the Savoy operas, Sullivan wrote the vocal lines of the musical numbers first, and these were given to the actors. He, or an assistant, improvised a piano accompaniment at the early rehearsals; he wrote the orchestrations later, after he had seen what Gilbert's stage business would be.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lawrence2_221-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[198] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-223" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[200]  He left the overtures until last and often delegated their composition, based on his outlines, to his assistants,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-224" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[201]  often adding his suggestions or corrections.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes130_225-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[202]  Those Sullivan wrote himself include Thespis,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-226" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[203]  Iolanthe, Princess Ida, The Yeomen of the Guard, The Gondoliers, The Grand Duke and probably Utopia Limited.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-227" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[204]  Most of the overtures are structured as a potpourri of tunes from the operas in three sections: fast, slow and fast.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes130_225-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[202]  Those for Iolanthe and The Yeomen of the Guard are written in a modified sonata form. The overtures from the Gilbert and Sullivan operas remain popular, and there are many recordings of them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-228" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[205]  Sullivan invariably conducted the operas on their opening nights.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-229" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[206]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1957, a review in The Times gave this rationale for "the continued vitality of the Savoy operas":


 * "[T]hey were never really contemporary in their idiom. ... Gilbert and Sullivan's [world was] an artificial world, with a neatly controlled and shapely precision. ... For this, each partner has his share of credit. The neat articulation of incredibilities in Gilbert's plots is perfectly matched by his language.... [Of] equal importance ... Gilbert's lyrics almost invariably take on extra point and sparkle when set to Sullivan's music. ... Sullivan's tunes, in these operas, also exist in a make-believe world of their own. ... [He is] a delicate wit, whose airs have a precision, a neatness, a grace, and a flowing melody".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-230" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[207]

===Melody and rhythm<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Musical Times noted that Sullivan's tunes, at least in the comic operas, appeal to the professional as much as to the layman: his continental contemporaries such as Debussy, Leoncavallo and Saint-Saëns held the Savoy operas in high regard.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Debussy_200-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[178]  Hughes writes, "When Sullivan wrote what we call 'a good tune' it was nearly always 'good music' as well. Outside the ranks of the giants there are few other composers of whom the same could be said."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes129_231-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[208]  Sullivan told Lawrence that his melodies sprang from rhythm,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lawrence2_221-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[198]  although some of his themes may have been prompted by his chosen instrumentation or his harmonic techniques.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes129_231-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[208] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the comic operas, where many numbers were in verse-plus-refrain form, Sullivan frequently was required to produce two climaxes in the melodic line. Hughes instances "If you go in" (Iolanthe) as a good example. In Hughes's view, though most of the tunes in the Savoy operas are good ones, Sullivan rarely reached the same class of excellence elsewhere when he had no librettist to feed his imagination.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-232" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[209]  Even so, on those occasions when Gilbert wrote in unvaried metre, Sullivan often followed suit and produced phrases of simple repetition, such as "Love is a plaintive song" (Patience) and "A man who would woo a fair maid" (The Yeomen of the Guard).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-233" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[210]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's deliberate echoes of other composers are covered below under "Musical Quotations", but other echoes may not have been conscious: Hughes cites the concluding bars of "Tell a tale of cock and bull" from The Yeomen of the Guard as an example of Handel's influence, and another critic, Edward Greenfield, found a theme in the slow movement of the Irish Symphony "an outrageous crib" from Schubert's Unfinished Symphony.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes.2C_p._152_234-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[211] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-235" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[212] ===Harmony and counterpoint<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Sullivan's manuscript for Act 1 finale, The Yeomen of the Guard;Harmony <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan was trained in the classical style, and contemporary music did not greatly attract him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes44_236-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[213]  Harmonically his early works used the conventional formulae of Auber,Donizetti, Balfe and Schubert.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes44_236-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[213]  Later he drew on Gounod and Bizet. Mendelssohn's influence, conspicuous in early works, appears intermittently in later ones. As a contemporary writer observed, Sullivan draws on these various influences while remaining recognisably himself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-237" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[214]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In general, Sullivan preferred to write in major keys. In the Savoy operas, there are only eleven substantial numbers wholly in a minor key (less than 5% of the musical numbers), and even in his serious works the major prevails.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes52_238-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[215]  Examples of Sullivan's rare excursions into minor keys include the long E minor melody in the first movement of the Irish Symphony, "Go away, madam" in the Act I finale of Iolanthe (echoing Verdi and Beethoven) and the funeral march in the Act I finale of The Yeomen of the Guard.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes52_238-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[215]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Both Hughes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-239" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[216]  and Jacobs in Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grove_30-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[28]  comment adversely on Sullivan's over-use of tonic pedals, usually in the bass, which Hughes attributes to "lack of enterprise or even downright laziness". Another Sullivan trademark criticised by Hughes is the excessive use of the chord of the augmented fourth at moments of pathos.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-240" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[217]  In his serious works, Sullivan attempted to avoid harmonic devices associated with the Savoy operas, with the result, according to Hughes, that The Golden Legend is a "hotch-potch of harmonic styles".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-241" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[218]  The same writer comments that harmonic contrast in the Savoy works is enhanced by Sullivan's characteristic modulation between keys, as in "Expressive glances" (Princess Ida), where he smoothly negotiates E major, C sharp minor and C major, or "Then one of us will be a queen" (The Gondoliers), where he writes in F major, D flat major and D minor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-242" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[219]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Though generally conservative in his harmony, Sullivan was happy on occasion to use chords traditionally considered technically incorrect. When reproached for using consecutive fifths in Cox and Box, he replied "if 5ths turn up it doesn't matter, so long as there is no offence to the ear."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-musicaltimes_13-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[13]  In the field of harmony, Hughes writes, Sullivan remained an eclectic: "He had easily recognisable habits but his style never achieved individuality".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes44_236-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[213]

Scenes from the premiere of The Golden Legend<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Despite his thorough academic contrapuntal training in London and Leipzig, as well as his experience as a church organist, Sullivan rarely composed fugues. Hughes cites examples from the Epilogue to The Golden Legend and Victoria and Merrie England.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-243" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[220]  In the Savoy operas, fugal style is reserved for making fun of legal solemnity in Trial by Jury and Iolanthe (it is the Lord Chancellor's leitmotif in the latter).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h75_244-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[221]  Less formal counterpoint is employed in numbers such as "Brightly Dawns our Wedding Day" (The Mikado) and "When the Buds are Blossoming" (Ruddigore).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h75_244-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[221]
 * Counterpoint

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's best known contrapuntal device was "the simultaneous presentation of two or more distinct melodies previously heard independently".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h78_245-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[222]  He was not the first composer to combine themes in this way, but it became a characteristic feature of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h78_245-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[222]  Sometimes the melodies were for solo voices, as in "Once more the face I loved so well" (The Zoo), and "I am so proud" (The Mikado), which combines three melodic lines;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-246" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[223]  other examples are in choruses, where typically a graceful tune for the ladies is combined with a robust one for the men. Examples include "When the Foeman bares his steel" (The Pirates of Penzance), "Gaily tripping" (H.M.S. Pinafore), "In a doleful train" (Patience), "Welcome, gentry" (Ruddigore), and "Night has spread her pall once more" (The Yeomen of the Guard).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-247" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[224]  At other times, notably in "How beautifully blue the sky" (The Pirates of Penzance), one theme is given to the chorus and the other to solo voices.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-248" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[225] ===Orchestration<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Gervase Hughes concludes his chapter on Sullivan's orchestration: "in this vitally important sector of the composer's art he deserves to rank as a master."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-249" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[226]  Sullivan was a competent player of at least four orchestral instruments (flute, clarinet, trumpet and trombone) and a technically highly skilled orchestrator.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-250" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 24]  Though sometimes inclined to indulge in grandiosity when writing for a full symphony orchestra, he was adept in using smaller forces to the maximum effect.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-251" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[227]  Percy Young writes that orchestral players generally like playing Sullivan's music: "Sullivan never asked his players to do what was either uncongenial or impracticable."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-252" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[228] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-253" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[229] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's orchestra for the Savoy Operas was typical of any other pit orchestra of his era: 2 flutes (+ piccolo), oboe, 2 clarinets, bassoon, 2 horns, 2 cornets, 2 trombones, timpani, percussion and strings. According to Geoffrey Toye, the number of players in the Savoy orchestra was originally 31.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-254" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[230]  Sullivan argued hard for an increase in the pit orchestra's size, and starting with The Yeomen of the Guard, the orchestra was augmented with a second bassoon and a bass trombone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-255" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[231]  Sullivan generally orchestrated each score at almost the last moment, noting that the accompaniment for an opera had to wait until he saw the staging, so that he could judge how heavily or lightly to orchestrate each part of the music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-256" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[232]  For his large-scale orchestral pieces, Sullivan added a second oboe part, sometimes double bassoon and bass clarinet, more horns, trumpets, tuba, and sometimes an organ and/or a harp. Many of these pieces used very large orchestras.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-257" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[233]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">One of the most recognisable features in Sullivan's orchestration is his woodwind scoring. Hughes especially notes Sullivan's clarinet writing, exploiting all registers and colours of the instrument, and his particular fondness for oboe solos. For instance, the Irish Symphony contains two long solo oboe passages in succession, and in the Savoy operas there are many shorter examples.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-258" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[234]  In the operas, and also in concert works, another characteristic Sullivan touch is his fondness for pizzicato passages for all the string sections. Most of the operas have at least one number that Hughes calls "virtually a pizzicato ostinato"; he instances "Kind sir, you cannot have the heart" (The Gondoliers), "Free from his fetters grim" (The Yeomen of the Guard) and "In vain to us you plead" (Iolanthe).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-259" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[235] ===Musical quotations and parodies<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Sullivan in about 1870<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan often quoted or imitated famous themes and passages from well-known tunes or parodied the styles of famous composers, such as Schubert, Donizetti, Bellini, Gounod and Mendelssohn.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-260" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[236]  He also liked to evoke familiar musical styles, such as his madrigals in The Mikado, Ruddigore and The Yeomen of the Guard, glees in H.M.S. Pinafore and The Mikado and gavottes in Ruddigore and The Gondoliers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h144_261-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[237]  In The Sorcerer, there is a country dance and folksy duet between the men and women's chorus in "If you'll marry me".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h144_261-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[237] In Ruddigore, the sailor character dances a hornpipe, while in The Mikado, Sullivan quotes a Japanese war song in "Miya Sama". Sullivan's 1882 trip to Egypt inspired musical styles in his later opera, The Rose of Persia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-262" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[238]  Of the sextette "I hear the soft note" in Patience, Sullivan said to the singers, "I think you will like this. It is Dr. Arne and Purcell at their best."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PallM_263-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[239]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In early pieces, in addition to his reflection of Mendelssohn (for example in his incidental music for The Tempest), Sullivan imitated Auber in his Henry VIII music and Gounod in The Light of the World.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Debussy_200-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[178]  In his comic operas, Sullivan followed Offenbach's lead in parodying the idioms of French and Italian opera, such as those of Donizetti, Verdi and Bellini.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-264" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[240]  His music also shows the influence of Handel, Schubert and, conspicuously in the fairy music in Iolanthe, Mendelssohn.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-265" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[241]  The then-popular composer Michael Balfe is parodied in The Sorcerer and The Pirates of Penzance, and "Twenty Love Sick Maidens" imitates William Vincent Wallace's "Alas Those Chimes" from Maritana.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-266" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[242]  The sextet "A Nice Dilemma" inTrial by Jury parodies "D'un pensiero" in Bellini's La sonnambula.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Scherer_267-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[243]

Sullivan depicted in 1897 teasing the leading academicAlexander MacKenzie, whose operetta, His Majesty, failed at the Savoy<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Other examples of opera parody include Mabel's aria "Poor Wand'ring One" in The Pirates of Penzance and the duet "Who are you, sir?" from Cox and Box.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-268" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[244]  In H.M.S. Pinafore, the whispered plans for elopement in "This very night" parody the conspirators' choruses in Verdi's Il trovatore andRigoletto,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Scherer_267-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[243]  and the octet, "Farewell, my own," evokes the ensemble "Mag der Himmel euch vergeben" in Flotow's Martha and such concerted numbers as the sextet in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Scherer_267-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[243]  The mock-jingoistic "He is an Englishman" in H.M.S. Pinafore and choral passages in The Zoo satirise patriotic British tunes auch as Arne's "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule,_Britannia! Rule, Britannia!]".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Scherer_267-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[243]  The chorus "With catlike tread" from Pirates is an imitation of Verdi's "Anvil Chorus" from Il trovatore.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-269" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[245]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In Princess Ida, there is a strong Handelian flavour to Arac's song in Act III ("This helmet, I suppose"),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes.2C_p._152_234-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[211]  and the Act II quartet "The world is but a broken toy" has been called "Gounodesque".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-270" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[246]  Florian's statement in "Gently, Gently": "In this college, useful knowledge/Everywhere one finds" is a quotation from Chopin's Waltz No. 5 in A-flat Major (Op. 42).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-271" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[247]  In The Gondoliers, there are the Spanish cachucha, the Italian saltarello and tarantella, and the Venetian barcarolle. Hughes compares "Here is a case unprecedented" from The Gondoliers to the Act II quintet from Bizet's Carmen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-272" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[248]  In "A more humane Mikado", when the Mikado mentions "Bach interwoven with Spohr and Beethoven", the clarinet and bassoon quote the fugue subject of Bach's Fantasia and Fugue in G minor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-273" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[249]  The Golden Legend shows the influence of Liszt and Wagner.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-274" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[250]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan frequently gives groups or locations their own characters and motifs. Hughes points to the striking difference between the male chorus of rustics in The Sorcerer and the eponymous gondoliers, and between the fairies in Iolanthe and the undergraduates in Princess Ida.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h143_275-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[251]  H.M.S Pinafore retains "a nautical tang throughout",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h143_275-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[251]  and in The Yeomen of the Guard the Tower of London is evoked continually by its own motif.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h143_275-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[251]  For example, a distinctive four-note theme is associated with the character Iolanthe, and the Fairy Queen's music parodies that of Wagnerian heroines such as Brünnhilde.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-276" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[252]  This use of Wagnerian leitmotif technique is repeated and developed further in Ivanhoe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-277" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[253] ==Reputation and criticism<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == Main article: Critical reputation of Arthur Sullivan ===Early reception<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's critical reputation has undergone extreme changes since he first came to prominence in the 1860s. At first, critics were struck by his potential, and he was hailed as the long-awaited great English composer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-278" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[254]  His incidental music to The Tempest received an acclaimed premiere at the Crystal Palace just before Sullivan's 20th birthday in April 1862. The Athenaeum wrote: <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">It was one of those events which mark an epoch in a man's life; and, what is of more universal consequence, it may mark an epoch in English music, or we shall be greatly disappointed. Years on years have elapsed since we have heard a work by so young an artist so full of promise, so full of fancy, showing so much conscientiousness, so much skill, and so few references to any model elect.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-279" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[255] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">His Irish Symphony of 1866 won similarly enthusiastic praise, but as Arthur Jacobs notes, "The first rapturous outburst of enthusiasm for Sullivan as an orchestral composer did not last."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-280" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[256]  A comment typical of those that followed him throughout his career was that "Sullivan's unquestionable talent should make him doubly careful not to mistake popular applause for artistic appreciation."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-281" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[257]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">When Sullivan turned to comic opera with Gilbert, the serious critics began to express disapproval. The critic Peter Gammond writes of "misapprehensions and prejudices, delivered to our door by the Victorian firm Musical Snobs Ltd. ... frivolity and high spirits were sincerely seen as elements that could not be exhibited by anyone who was to be admitted to the sanctified society of Art."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-282" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[258]  For example, in 1877 The Figaro wrote that Sullivan "has all the ability to make him a great composer, but he wilfully throws his opportunity away. ... He possesses all the natural ability to have given us an English opera, and, instead, he affords us a little more-or-less excellent fooling."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-283" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[259]  Few critics denied the excellence of Sullivan's theatre scores; The Theatre wrote that "Iolanthe sustains Dr Sullivan's reputation as the most spontaneous, fertile, and scholarly composer of comic opera this country has ever produced."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-284" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[260] However, comic opera, no matter how skilfully crafted, was viewed as an intrinsically lower form of art than oratorio. The Athenaeum's review of The Martyr of Antioch declared, "[I]t is an advantage to have the composer of H.M.S. Pinafore occupying himself with a worthier form of art.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-285" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[261] ===Knighthood and later years<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">]  === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's knighthood in 1883 gave the serious music critics further ammunition. The Musical Review of that year wrote: <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Some things that Mr. Arthur Sullivan may do, Sir Arthur ought not to do. In other words, it will look rather more than odd to see announced in the papers that a new comic opera is in preparation, the book by Mr. W. S. Gilbert and the music by Sir Arthur Sullivan. A musical knight can hardly write shop ballads either; he must not dare to soil his hands with anything less than an anthem or a madrigal; oratorio, in which he has so conspicuously shone, and symphony, must now be his line. Here is not only an opportunity, but a positive obligation for him to return to the sphere from which he has too long descended.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Baily250_98-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[86] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Even Sullivan's friend George Grove wrote: "Surely the time has come when so able and experienced a master of voice, orchestra, and stage effect – master, too, of so much genuine sentiment – may apply his gifts to a serious opera on some subject of abiding human or natural interest."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Baily250_98-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[86]  Sullivan finally redeemed himself in critical eyes with The Golden Legend in 1886. The Observer hailed it as a "triumph of English art".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-286" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[262]  The World called it "one of the greatest creations we have had for many years. Original, bold, inspired, grand in conception, in execution, in treatment, it is a composition which will make an "epoch" and which will carry the name of its composer higher on the wings of fame and glory. ... The effect of the public performance was unprecedented."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-287" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[263]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Hopes for a new departure were evident in the Daily Telegraph's review of The Yeomen of the Guard (1888), Sullivan's most serious opera to that point: "[T]he music follows the book to a higher plane, and we have a genuine English opera, forerunner of many others, let us hope, and possibly significant of an advance towards a national lyric stage."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-288" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[264]  Sullivan's only wholly serious opera, Ivanhoe (1891), received generally favourable reviews, although J. A. Fuller Maitland, in The Times, expressed reservations, writing that the opera's "best portions rise so far above anything else that Sir Arthur Sullivan has given to the world, and have such force and dignity, that it is not difficult to forget the drawbacks which may be found in the want of interest in much of the choral writing, and the brevity of the concerted solo parts."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-289" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[265]  Sullivan's 1898 ballet Victoria and Merrie England was one of several late pieces that won praise from most critics: <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Sir Arthur Sullivan's music is music for the people. There is no attempt made to force on the public the dullness of academic experience. The melodies are all as fresh as last year's wine, and as exhilarating as sparkling champagne. There is not one tune which tires the hearing, and in the matter of orchestration our only humorous has let himself run riot, not being handicapped with libretto, and the gain is enormous. ... All through we have orchestration of infinite delicacy, tunes of alarming simplicity, but never a tinge of vulgarity....<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-290" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[266] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Although the more solemn members of the musical establishment could not forgive Sullivan for writing music that was both comic and accessible, he was, nevertheless, "the nation's de facto composer laureate".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-291" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[267] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-293" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 25] ===Posthumous reputation<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In the decade after his death, Sullivan's reputation sank considerably. In 1901, Fuller Maitland took issue with the generally laudatory tone of most of the obituaries: "Is there anywhere a case quite parallel to that of Sir Arthur Sullivan, who began his career with a work which at once stamped him as a genius, and to the height of which he only rarely attained throughout life? ... It is because such great natural gifts – gifts greater, perhaps, than fell to any English musician since ... Purcell – were so very seldom employed in work worthy of them. ... [H]ow can the composer of "Onward Christian Soldiers" and "The Absent-Minded Beggar" claim a place in the hierarchy of music among the men who would face death rather than smirch their singing robes for the sake of a fleeting popularity?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-294" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[269]  Edward Elgar, to whom Sullivan had been particularly kind,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-295" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[270]  rose to Sullivan's defence, branding Fuller Maitland's obituary "the shady side of musical criticism ... that foul unforgettable episode."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-296" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[271] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-299" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 26]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Fuller Maitland's followers, including Ernest Walker, also dismissed Sullivan as "merely the idle singer of an empty evening".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes.2C_p._6_300-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[274]  As late as 1966, Frank Howes, music critic of The Times condemned Sullivan for a "lack of sustained effort ... a fundamental lack of seriousness towards his art [and] inability to perceive the smugness, the sentimentality and banality of the Mendelssohnian detritus ... to remain content with the flattest and most obvious rhythms, this yielding to a fatal facility, that excludes Sullivan from the ranks of the good composers."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-301" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[275]

20th century audiences<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Thomas F. Dunhill wrote a chapter entitled "Mainly in Defence" in his 1928 book, Sullivan's Comic Operas because Sullivan's "music has suffered in an extraordinary degree from the vigorous attacks which have been made upon it in professional circles. These attacks have succeeded in surrounding the composer with a kind of barricade of prejudice which must be swept away before justice can be done to his genius."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-302" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[276]  Sir Henry Wood continued to perform Sullivan's serious music,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-304" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 27]  but it was not until the 1960s that Sullivan's music other than the Savoy operas began to be widely revived and reassessed. In 1960 Gervase Hughes published the first full-length book about Sullivan's music "which, while taking note of his weaknesses (which are many) and not hesitating to castigate his lapses from good taste (which were comparatively rare) [attempted] to view them in perspective against the wider background of his sound musicianship."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hughes.2C_p._6_300-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[274]  The work of the Sir Arthur Sullivan Society, founded in 1977; books about Sullivan by musicians such as Percy Young (1971) and Arthur Jacobs (1986); and a number of recordings have contributed to the re-evaluation of Sullivan's music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-burton_297-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[272]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The Symphony in E had its first professional recording in 1968, and a considerable number of Sullivan's non-Gilbert works have since been recorded, including the overtures and the Shakespeare incidental music, ballet music, the cello concerto, solo piano and chamber music, his cantatas, Ivanhoe and some of his non-Gilbert comic operas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sulldiscog_305-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[278] Scholarly critical editions of Sullivan's works have been published.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-306" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 28]  In a 2000 article in The Musical Times, Nigel Burton wrote: <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">[Sullivan] spoke naturally to all people, for all time, of the passions, sorrows and joys which are forever rooted in the human consciousness. He believed, deeply, in the moral expressed at the close of Cherubini's Les deux journées: that the human being's prime duty in life is to serve humanity. It is his artistic consistency in this respect which obliges us to pronounce him our greatest Victorian composer. Time has now sufficiently dispersed the mists of criticism for us to be able to see the truth, to enjoy all his music, and to rejoice in the rich diversity of its panoply. Now, therefore, one hundred years after his death, let us resolve to set aside the "One-and-a-half-hurrahs" syndrome once and for all, and, in its place, raise THREE LOUD CHEERS.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-burton_297-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[272] ==Recordings<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1888, Thomas Edison sent his "Perfected" Phonograph to George Gouraud in London, England, and on 14 August 1888, Gouraud introduced the phonograph to London in a press conference, including the playing of a piano and cornet recording of Sullivan's "The Lost Chord", one of the first recordings of music ever made.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Edison_307-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[279]  A series of parties followed, introducing the phonograph to members of society at the so-called "Little Menlo" in London. Sullivan was invited to one of these on 5 October 1888. After dinner, he recorded a speech to be sent to Edison, saying, in part: <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">I can only say that I am astonished and somewhat terrified at the result of this evening's experiments: astonished at the wonderful power you have developed, and terrified at the thought that so much hideous and bad music may be put on record forever. But all the same I think it is the most wonderful thing that I have ever experienced, and I congratulate you with all my heart on this wonderful discovery.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Edison_307-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[279] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">These recordings were discovered in the Edison Library in New Jersey in the 1950s:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Edison_307-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[279]

Advertisement for the first recording of The Mikado, 1917<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">The first commercial recordings of Sullivan's music, beginning in 1898, were of individual numbers from the Savoy operas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-309" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[n 29]  In 1917, the Gramophone Company (also known as HMV) produced the first album of a complete musical score of a Gilbert and Sullivan opera, The Mikado, followed by recordings of eight more of the operas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-310" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[281]  Electrical recordings of the complete musical scores of most of the operas were then issued by the Gramophone Company and Victor Talking Machine Company beginning in the late 1920s. These recordings were supervised by Rupert D'Oyly Carte.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-311" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[282]  The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company continued to produce recordings until 1979.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-312" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[283]  Between 1988 and 2003, after the company was revived, it recorded seven of the operas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-313" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[284]
 * The Lost Chord
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 * colspan="2" style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt4pt4pt0pt;line-height:1.25em;"|One of the recordings played at the 14 August 1888 press conference that introduced the phonograph to London.
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<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Other recordings have been made by opera companies such as Gilbert and Sullivan for All,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-314" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[285]  English National Opera and Australian Opera.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-315" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[286]  Ad hoc companies of operatic singers conducted by Sir Malcolm Sargent in the 1950s and 60s and Sir Charles Mackerras in the 1990s have made audio sets of several Savoy operas, and in the 1980s Alexander Faris conducted video recordings of most of the operas with casts including show-business stars as well as professional singers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-316" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[287]  The long-runningBroadway production of The Pirates of Penzance presented by Joseph Papp, re-orchestrated with synthesisers replacing the strings, was put on record in 1981.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-317" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[288]  Since 1994, the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival has released numerous professional and amateur CDs and videos of its productions and other Sullivan recordings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-318" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[289]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:22.399999618530273px;color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;">Sullivan's non-Savoy works were infrequently recorded until more recent decades. A few of his songs were put on disc in the early years of the 20th century, including versions of "The Lost Chord" by Enrico Caruso and Clara Butt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-319" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[290]  The first of many recordings of the Overture di Ballo was made in the 1940s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-320" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[291]  Sullivan's Irish Symphony was first recorded in 1968 under Sir Charles Groves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-321" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[292]  Since then, much of Sullivan's serious music and his operas without Gilbert have been recorded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sulldiscog_305-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[278] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-322" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[293]  The first recording of the cello concerto was by Julian Lloyd Webber in 1986.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-323" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[294]  Ivanhoe was recorded under the conductor David Lloyd-Jones in 2009,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-324" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[295]  and The Golden Legend was recorded under Ronald Corp in 2001.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-325" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[296]  Mackerras's Sullivan ballet score, Pineapple Poll, has received many recordings since its premiere in 1951, four of them conducted by Mackerras.