BBC Radiophonic Workshop

The  BBC Radiophonic Workshop, one of the  sound effects units of the  BBC, was created in 1958 to produce effects and new music for  radio, and was originally closed in March 1998, although much of its traditional work had already been outsourced by 1995. The Workshop was revived in 2012, however none of the team involved in the original incarnation will be involved. [1]  It was based in the BBC's  Maida Vale Studios in Delaware Road,  London, growing outwards from the then-legendary  Room 13, but from 2012 it is based entirely online.

==History ==

Creation
The Workshop was set up to satisfy the growing demand in the late 1950s for "radiophonic" sounds from a group of producers and studio managers at the   BBC, including   Desmond Briscoe<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">and <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  Daphne Oram<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">. For some time there had been much interest in producing innovative music and sounds to go with the pioneering programming of the era, in particular the dramatic output of the <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  BBC Third Programme<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">. Often the sounds required for the atmosphere that programme makers wished to create were unavailable or non-existent through traditional sources and so some, such as the musically trained Oram, would look to new techniques to produce effects and music for their pieces. Much of this interest drew them to <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  musique concrète<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">and tape manipulation techniques, since using these methods could allow them to create soundscapes suitable for the growing range of unconventional programming. When the BBC noticed the rising popularity of this method they established a Radiophonic Effects Committee, setting up the Workshop in rooms 13 & 14 of the BBC's Maida Vale studios with a budget of £2,000. The Workshop regularly released technical journals of their findings - leading to some of their techniques being borrowed by sixties producers and engineers such as <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  Eddie Kramer<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">. <sup class="Template-Fact" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:1em;white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed]

Early days
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">In 1958, Desmond Briscoe was appointed the Senior Studio Manager with <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  Dick Mills<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">employed as a technical assistant. Much of The Radiophonic Workshop's early work was in effects for radio, in particular experimental drama and "radiophonic poems". <sup class="Template-Fact" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:1em;white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed] <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">Their significant early output included creating effects for the popular science-fiction serial <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  Quatermass and the Pit<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">and memorable comedy sounds for <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  The Goon Show<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">. In 1959, Daphne Oram left the workshop to set up her own studio, the <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  Oramics Studios for Electronic Composition<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">, where she eventually developed her " Oramics<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">" technique of electronic sound creation. That year <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  Maddalena Fagandini<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">joined the workshop from the BBC's Italian Service.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">From the early sixties the Workshop began creating television theme tunes and jingles, particularly for low budget schools programmes. The shift from the experimental nature of the late 50s dramas to theme tunes was noticeable enough for one radio presenter to have to remind listeners that the purpose of the Workshop was not pop music. In fact, in 1962 one of Fagandini's interval signals "Time Beat" was reworked with assistance from George Martin (in his pre-Beatles days) and commercially released as a single using the pseudonym Ray Cathode. During this early period the innovative electronic approaches to music in the Workshop began to attract some significant young talent including Delia Derbyshire, Brian Hodgson and John Baker, who was in fact a jazz pianist with an interest in reverse tape effects. Later, in 1967. they were joined by David Cain, a jazz bass player and mathematician.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In these early days, one criticism<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height:1em;white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed]  the Workshop attracted was its policy of not allowing musicians from outside the BBC to use its equipment, which was some of the most advanced in the country at that time not only because of its nature, but also because of the unique combinations and workflows which the Workshop afforded its composers. In later years this would become less important as more electronic equipment became readily available to a wider audience.

Doctor Who
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">In 1963 they were approached by composer <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  Ron Grainer<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">to record a theme tune for the upcoming BBC television series <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  Doctor Who<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">. Presented with the task of "realising" Grainer's score, complete with its descriptions of "sweeps", "swoops", "wind clouds" and "wind bubbles", <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  Delia Derbyshire<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">created a piece of <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  Elektronische Musik<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">which has become one of television's most recognisable themes. Over the next quarter-century the Workshop contributed greatly to the programme providing its vast range of unusual sound-effects, from the <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  TARDIS<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">dematerialisation to the <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  Sonic screwdriver<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">, as well as much of the programme's distinctive electronic <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  incidental music<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">, including every score from 1980 to 1985. ===Changes<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">As the sixties drew to a close many of the techniques used by the Workshop changed as more electronic music began to be produced by synthesisers. Many of the old members of the Workshop were reluctant to use the new instruments, often because of the limitations and unreliable nature of many of the early synthesisers but also, for some, because of a dislike of the sounds they created. This led to many leaving the workshop making way for a new generation of musicians in the early 1970s including Malcolm Clarke, Paddy Kingsland, Roger Limb and Peter Howell. From the early days of a studio full of tape reels and electronic oscillators, the Workshop now found itself in possession of various synthesisers including the EMS VCS 3 and the EMS Synthi 100 nicknamed the "Delaware" by the members of the Workshop.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1977, Workshop co-founder Desmond Briscoe retired from organisational duties with Brian Hodgson, returning after a five-year gap away from the Workshop, taking over.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">By this point the output of the Workshop was vast with high demand for complete scores for programmes as well as the themes and sound effects for which it had made its name. By the end of the decade the workshop was contributing to over 300 programmes a year from all departments of the BBC and had long since expanded from its early two room setup. Its contributions included material for programmes such as The Body in Question, Blue Peter and Tomorrow's World as well as sound effects for popular science fiction programmes Blake's 7 and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (in both its radio and television forms) by Richard Yeoman-Clark and Paddy Kingsland respectively. ===Latter days<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">By the early 1990s, BBC director John Birt decided that departments were to charge each other and bid against each other for services and to cut those which couldn't make enough revenue to cover their costs. In 1991 the Workshop was given five years in which to break even but the cost of keeping the department, which required a number of engineers as well as composers, proved too much and so they failed. Dick Mills, who had worked on Doctor Who since the very beginning, left in 1993, along with Ray White, Senior Engineer, and his assistant, Ray Riley. In 1995, despite being asked to continue, organiser Brian Hodgson left the Workshop, closely followed by Malcolm Clarke and Roger Limb. By the end, only one composer, Elizabeth Parker, remained and the Workshop closed in March 1998. Mark Ayres recalls the Workshop's tape archive being collected on April 1, exactly 40 years after the department had opened. ===Legacy<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Following the decision to close the Radiophonic Workshop, Mark Ayres and Brian Hodgson were commissioned to catalogue its extensive library of recordings.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height:1em;white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In October 2003,<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height:1em;white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed]  Alchemists of Sound, an hour-long television documentary about the Radiophonic Workshop, was broadcast on BBC Four.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The Magnetic Fields titled the first track of their album Holiday, after the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. Dick Mills, BBC Radiophonic Workshop reunion live at the Roundhouse in 2009.===Live reunion 2009<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In May 2009, Dick Mills reunited with former BBC Radiophonic Workshop composers Roger Limb, Paddy Kingsland and Peter Howell with archivist Mark Ayres for a live concert at The Roundhouse, Chalk Farm, London, performing as "The Radiophonic Workshop". The composers, backed by a small brass section and a live drummer, performed a large number of their BBC-commissioned musical works including sections of incidental music from The Hitch Hikers' Guide to the Galaxy and Doctor Who (including a medley of Mark Ayres's work) as well as some collaborative compositions written specifically for the Roundhouse concert.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The live performances were mixed in surround sound and interspersed with musical video montage tributes of deceased members of the Workshop including Daphne Oram, Delia Derbyshire and John Baker. The two and a half hour event climaxed with live performances of the Derbyshire and Peter Howell arrangements of Doctor Who, segueing into a new Radiophonic version of the theme tune. Celebrated attendees included actor/writer/composer Peter Serafinowicz and satirist/writer/broadcaster Victor Lewis-Smith. Multiple cameras recorded the event but it has yet to be broadcast or released in any form, although amateur footage of the event can be seen on YouTube.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height:1em;white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed] ===2012 revival<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The BBC announced in September 2012 that the Workshop would be revived as an online venture, with seven new composers and musicians. The new Workshop will be based online at The Space, a joint venture between the BBC and Arts Council England. Composer Matthew Herbert has been appointed the new Creative Director, and he will work alongside Micachu, Yann Seznec, Max de Wardener, Patrick Bergel, James Mather, theatre director Lyndsey Turner and broadcast technologist Tony Churnside.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-revival_1-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[1]  None of the original Workshop members have been announced to be involved in the revival.

Techniques
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">The techniques initially used by the Radiophonic Workshop were closely related to those used in <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  musique concrète<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">; new sounds for programs were created by using recordings of everyday sounds such as voices, bells or gravel as raw material for "radiophonic" manipulations. In these manipulations, audio tape could be played back at different speeds (altering a sound's pitch), reversed, cut and joined, or processed using <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  reverb<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">or equalisation. The most famous of the Workshop's creations using 'radiophonic' techniques include the <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  Doctor Who<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">theme music, which <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  Delia Derbyshire<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">created using a plucked string, 12 oscillators and a lot of tape manipulation; and the sound of the TARDIS ( the Doctor'stime machine<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">) materialising and dematerialising, which was created by Brian Hodgson running his keys along the rusty bass strings of a broken <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">  piano<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px;">, with the recording slowed down to make an even lower sound.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Much of the equipment used by the Workshop in the earlier years of its operation in the late 1950s was semi-professional and was passed down from other departments, though two giant professional tape-recorders (which appeared to lose all sound above 10 kHz) made an early centrepiece. Reverberation was obtained using an echo chamber, a basement room with bare painted walls empty except for loudspeakers and microphones. Due to the considerable technical challenges faced by the Workshop and BBC traditions, staff initially worked in pairs with one person assigned to the technical aspects of the work and the other to the artistic direction. ==Influence on popular music<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> == <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The Radiophonic Workshop regularly released free journals of its experiments to the public, complete with instructions and wiring diagrams. Amongst those who studied the journals and learned from their techniques was sound engineerRoger Mayer, who supplied guitar pedals to Jeff Beck, Jimmy Page and Jimi Hendrix. In 1997 the electronic dance music magazine Mixmag described the Workshop as, "the unsung heroes of British electronica."

Members of the Radiophonic Workshop
===1958–1998<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === ===2012<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Associate Members:
 * Desmond Briscoe (1958–1983)
 * Daphne Oram (1958–1959)
 * Dick Mills (1958–1993)
 * Maddalena Fagandini (1959–1966)
 * Brian Hodgson (1962–1972), Organiser (1977–1995)
 * Delia Derbyshire (1962–1973)
 * John Baker (1963–1974)
 * David Cain (1967–1973)
 * Malcolm Clarke (1969–1995)
 * Paddy Kingsland (1970–1981)
 * Richard Yeoman-Clark (1970–1978)
 * Roger Limb (1972–1995)
 * Glynis Jones (1973–?)
 * Peter Howell (1974–1997)
 * Elizabeth Parker (1978–1998)
 * Jonathan Gibbs (1983–1986)
 * Richard Attree (1987–1998)
 * Matthew Herbert, creative director
 * Mica Levi
 * Yann Seznec
 * Max de Wardener
 * James Mather
 * Lyndsey Turner
 * Patrick Bergel
 * Tony Churnside

==Discography<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> == ===Albums<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === <p style="line-height:1.5em;"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a" style="word-wrap:break-word;">^a  Reissued on CD in 1991 as Essential Science Fiction Sound Effects Vol. 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b" style="word-wrap:break-word;">^b  Reissued on CD in 1991 as Essential Science Fiction Sound Effects Vol. 1., reissued on CD under the original title in 2013. <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1994, BBC Enterprises also licensed out material, by members of the Radiophonic Workshop, to the Cavendish Music Library for release on CD.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height:1em;white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed]  Five themed compilations of material were released under the titlesPoisoned Planet, Undersea World, Africa, Time And Space and Ethnic Impressions. They featured various works by Elizabeth Parker, Peter Howell, Roger Limb, Malcolm Clarke and Richard Attree. ===Singles<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === ==Selected other works<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> == ===Radio dramas<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === ===Sound effects and music contributions<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === ===Doctor Who incidental music<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The Doctor Who theme music was provided by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop from 1963 to 1985. From 1986 to the programme's demise the theme was provided by freelance musicians. Between 1980 and 1985 the complete incidental scores for the programme were provided in-house by the Workshop. Below is a complete<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height:1em;white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed]  list of incidental music provided by the Radiophonic Workshop for the programme. ===Programmes about Radiophonic Workshop<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> ===
 * Lauren Hayes
 * Jo Apps
 * Barnaby Smyth
 * Yuri Suzuki
 * Anna Meredith
 * The Foundation Trilogy (produced by David Cain) (1973)
 * A Wall Walks Slowly (produced by Desmond Briscoe with music by Peter Howell) (1977)
 * August 2026 (produced by Malcolm Clarke) (1977)
 * Notes from Janáček's Diary (produced by Maxwell Steer) (1991)
 * This was the only production ever to be realised at the Radiophonic Workshop completely by an external composer.
 * Radio
 * The Goon Show
 * The Hobbit (effects and music composed by David Cain) (1968)
 * The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (effects by Paddy Kingsland with additional effects by Dick Mills. Music (except theme music) for second series by Paddy Kingsland)
 * The Lord of the Rings (effects by Elizabeth Parker) (1981)
 * Television
 * Quatermass and the Pit (effects by Desmond Briscoe & (uncredited) Dick Mills) (1958)
 * Doctor Who (effects by Brian Hodgson (1963–1972) & Dick Mills (1972–1989). Some additional effects provided by various Workshop members)
 * Penda's Fen (Paddy Kingsland) (1974)
 * Blake's 7 (effects by Richard Yeoman-Clark & Elizabeth Parker)
 * The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (music and effects by Paddy Kingsland except theme music)
 * Radio
 * The Sound Makers (1963)
 * The Electric Tunesmiths (1971)
 * Repeated as part of Selected Radiophonic Works in 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[4]
 * The Space Between (4 Oct 1973)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]
 * Wee Have Also Sound-Houses (1979)
 * The title to this programme is a reference to Francis Bacon's 1626 novel "New Atlantis".
 * Sound in Mind (1979)
 * Late Junction: 12 February 2008<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[6] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[7]
 * Sunday Feature: Wee Have Also Sound-Houses (2008)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[9]
 * Stuart Maconie's Freak Zone: 26 October 2008<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[10]
 * Selected Radiophonic Works (2008)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[11]
 * Jonny Trunk's OST Show - 2 Hours With Paddy Kingsland
 * Jonny Trunk's OST Show - David Cain Interview
 * Television
 * The Same Trade as Mozart (1969)
 * The New Sound of Music (1979)
 * The Electric Music Machine, Five Days at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop (1988)
 * Alchemists of Sound (2003)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[12]
 * What the Future Sounds Like (2009)