Homework (Daft Punk album)

Homework is the debut studio album by French electronic music duo Daft Punk, released in January 1997 on Virgin Records. Homework ' s success brought worldwide attention to French house music. According to The Village Voice, the album revived house music and departed from the Eurodance formula. The duo produced the tracks without plans to release an album. After working on projects that were intended to be separate singles over five months, they considered the material good enough for an album.

Homework charted in 14 different countries, peaking at number 3 on the French Albums Chart, number 150 on the United States Billboard 200 and at number 8 on the UK Albums Chart. By February 2001, the album had sold more than two million copies worldwide and received several gold and platinum certifications. Overall, Homework received positive critical response. The album features singles that had significant impact in the French house and global dance music scenes, including the U.S. Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play number-one singles "Da Funk" and "Around the World", the latter of which reached number 61 on theBillboard Hot 100.



Contents
[hide]  *1 Recording history  ==Recording history[ edit] == In 1993, Thomas Bangalter and Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo presented a demo of their electronic music to DJ Stuart Macmillan at a rave at EuroDisney.[1] The contents of the cassette were released on the single "The New Wave" on 11 April 1994, by Soma Quality Recordings, a Scottish techno and house label co-founded in 1991 by MacMillan's band Slam.[2]  Daft Punk returned to the studio in May 1995 to record "Da Funk",[3]  which was released later that year alongside "Rollin' & Scratchin'" under the Soma label.[4] We've got much more control than money. You can't get everything. We live in a society where money is what people want, so they can't get the control. We chose. Control is freedom. People say we're control freaks, but control is controlling your destiny without controlling other people.
 * 2 Structure
 * 3 Singles
 * 4 Commercial performance
 * 5 Critical reception
 * 6 Track listing
 * 7 Charts
 * 8 Certifications
 * 9 References
 * 10 Bibliography
 * 11 External links


 * —Thomas Bangalter, in regards to the duo's creative control and freedom[5]

“” The increasing popularity of Daft Punk's singles led to a bidding war among record labels, resulting in the duo's signing to Virgin Records in 1996.[6] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DaftDJTimes_7-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[7]  Their departure was noted by Richard Brown of Soma, who affirmed that "we were obviously sad to lose them to Virgin but they had the chance to go big, which they wanted, and it's not very often that a band has that chance after two singles. We're happy for them."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Interview_at_Mixmag_1997_1-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[1] Virgin re-released "Da Funk" with the B-side "Musique" in 1996, a year before releasing Homework. Bangalter later stated that the B-side "was never intended to be on the album, and in fact, 'Da Funk' as a single has sold more units than Homework, so more people own it anyways [sic] than they would if it had been on the album. It is basically used to make the single a double-feature."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DaftDMA_8-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8]  The album was mixed and recorded in Daft Punk's studio, Daft House in Paris. It was mastered by Nilesh Patel at the London studio The Exchange.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LinerNotes_9-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[9]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Bangalter stated that "to be free, we had to be in control. To be in control, we had to finance what we were doing ourselves. The main idea was to be free."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DaftPulse_10-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[10]  Daft Punk discussed their method with Spike Jonze, director of the "Da Funk" music video. He noted that "they were doing everything based on how they wanted to do it. As opposed to, 'oh we got signed to this record company, we gotta use their plan.' They wanted to make sure they never had to do anything that would make them feel bummed on making music."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jonze_Book_2003_11-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[11]  Although Virgin Records holds exclusive distribution rights over Daft Punk's material, the duo still owns their master recordings through their Daft Trax label.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RFI_Musique_6-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[6] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[12] ==Structure<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Daft Punk produced the tracks included in Homework without a plan to release an album. Bangalter stated, "It was supposed to be just a load of singles. But we did so many tracks over a period of five months that we realized that we had a good album."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-James2003p269_13-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[13]  The duo set the order of the tracks to cover the four sides of a two-disc vinyl LP.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DaftDMA_8-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8]  De Homem-Christo remarked, "There was no intended theme because all the tracks were recorded before we arranged the sequence of the album. The idea was to make the songs better by arranging them the way we did; to make it more even as an album."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DaftDMA_8-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8]  The name Homework, Bangalter explained, relates to "the fact that we made the record at home, very cheaply, very quickly, and spontaneously, trying to do cool stuff."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-parlevouzCMJ_14-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[14] <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">"Daftendirekt" is an excerpt of a live performance recorded in Ghent, Belgium;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LinerNotes_9-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[9]  it served as the introduction to Daft Punk's live shows and was used to begin the album.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DaftDMA_8-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8]  The performance took place at the first I Love Techno, an event co-produced by Fuse and On the Rox on 10 November 1995.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[17] Janet Jackson sampled "Daftendirekt" on her song "So Much Betta", which was included in her tenth studio album, Discipline, in 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[18]  Homework's following track, "WDPK 83.7 FM", is a tribute to FM radio in the US.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DaftPulse_10-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[10]  The next song, "Revolution 909" is a reflection on the French government's stance on dance music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DaftDMA_8-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[19]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">"Revolution 909" is followed by "Da Funk", which carries elements of funk and acid music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Interview_at_Mixmag_1997_1-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[1]  According to Andrew Asch of the Boca Raton News, the song's composition "relies on a bouncy funk guitar to communicate its message of dumb fun."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[20]  Bangalter expressed that "Da Funk"'s theme involved the introduction of a simple, unusual element that becomes acceptable and moving over time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[21]  Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine complimented the song as "unrelenting",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sal_22-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[22]  and Bob Gajarsky of Westnet called it "a beautiful meeting of Chic (circa "Good Times", sans vocals) and the 90s form ofelectronica."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gajarsky_23-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[23]  The song appeared on the soundtrack for the 1997 film The Saint and was placed at number 18 on Pitchfork Media's "Top 200 Tracks of the 1990s" list.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[24]  "Phœnix" combines elements of gospel music and house music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DaftDMA_8-5" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8]  The duo considered "Fresh" to be breezy and light with a comical structure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[25]  Ian Mathers of Stylus Magazine criticized the song, stating that it "doesn't feel like the beach just because of the lapping waves heard in the background."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ian_26-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[26]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">The single "Around the World" carries influences of Gershon Kingsley's hit "Popcorn".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Interview_at_Mixmag_1997_1-5" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[1]  Its music video was directed by the Academy Award-winning French filmmaker Michel Gondry, who compared the track's bassline to that of "Good Times" by Chic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Michel_Book_2003_27-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[27]  Chris Power of BBC Music named it "one of the decade's catchiest singles". He stated that it was "a perfect example of Daft Punk's sound at its most accessible: a post-disco boogie bassline, a minimalist sprinkling of synthetic keyboard melody and a single, naggingly insistent hook."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC_16-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[16]  Ian Mathers of Stylus Magazine commented that "there is no way you'd want to have a Homework without 'Around The World'."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ian_26-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[26]  The track "Teachers" is a tribute to several of Daft Punk's house music influences, including future collaborators Romanthony, DJ Sneak andTodd Edwards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[28]  The song "Oh Yeah" features DJ Deelat and DJ Crabbe. "Indo Silver Club" features a sample of "Hot Shot" by Karen Young.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LinerNotes_9-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[9]  Prior to its inclusion on Homework, "Indo Silver Club" was released as a single on the Soma Quality Recordings label in two parts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DiscogsIndo_29-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[29]  The single lacked an artist credit in the packaging<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DiscogsIndo_29-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[29]  and was thought to have been created by the nonexistent producers Indo Silver Club.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Punks_30-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[30]  The final track, "Funk Ad", is a reversed clip of "Da Funk".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DaftDMA_8-6" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8] ==Singles<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Homework features singles that had significant impact in the French house<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FrenchConn_31-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[31]  and global dance music scenes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RFI_Musique_6-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[6]  The first single from the album, "Alive", was included as a B-side on the single "The New Wave", which was released in April 1994. The album's second single was "Da Funk"; it was initially released in 1995 by Soma and was re-released by Virgin Records in 1996. It became the duo's first number-one single on the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Billboard_Daft_32-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[32]  The song reached number seven on British<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[33]  and French charts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[34]  The third single, "Around the World", was a critical and commercial success, becoming the second number-one single on the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Billboard_Daft_32-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[32]  as well as reaching number 11 in Australia,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ARIA_Songs_35-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[35]  number five in the United Kingdom<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OCHARTS_36-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[36]  and number 61 on theBillboard Hot 100.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Billboard_Daft_Dance_37-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[37]  In October 2011, NME placed "Around the World" at number 21 on its list of "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[38]  The album's fourth single was "Burnin'"; it was released in September 1997 and peaked at number 30 in the UK.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OCHARTS_36-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[36]  The final single from Homework was "Revolution 909". It was released in February 1998 and reached number 47 in the UK<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OCHARTS_36-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[36]  and number 12 on theBillboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Billboard_Daft_Dance_37-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[37]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">In 1999, the duo released a video collection featuring music videos of tracks and singles from the album under the name of D.A.F.T.: A Story About Dogs, Androids, Firemen and Tomatoes. Although its title derives from the appearances of dogs ("Da Funk" and "Fresh"), androids ("Around the World"), firemen ("Burnin'"), and tomatoes ("Revolution 909") in the videos, a cohesive plot does not connect its episodes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[39] ==Commercial performance<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Daft Punk wanted the majority of pressings to be on vinyl, so only 50,000 albums were initially printed in CD format. After its release, overwhelming sales of Homework caused distributors to accelerate production to satisfy demand. The album was distributed in 35 countries worldwide,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RFI_Musique_6-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[6]  peaking at number 150 on the Billboard 200.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[40]  Homework first charted on the Australian Albums Chart on 27 April 1997; it remained there for eight weeks and peaked at number 37.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ARIA_41-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[41]  In France, the album reached number three and stayed on the chart for 82 weeks. In 1999, it reached Gold status in France for selling more than 100,000 copies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SNEP_42-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[42]  On 11 July 2001, the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, indicating sales of 500,000 copies in the US.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[43] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[44]  By October 1997, the album had sold 220,000 copies worldwide,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CMJ_45-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[45]  although Billboard reported that, according to Virgin Records, two million copies have been sold by February 2001.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbfeb01_46-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[46]  By September 2007, 605,000 copies have been sold in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbsep07_47-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[47] ==Critical reception<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Homework ' s success brought worldwide attention to French progressive house music,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[57]  and drew attention to French house music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FrenchConn_31-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[31]  According to The Village Voice, the album revived house music and departed from the Euro dance formula.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vv_58-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  In the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, critic Alex Rayner stated that Homework tied the established club styles to the "burgeoning eclecticism" of big beat. He contended that it served as a proof that "there was more to dance music than pills and keyboard presets."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1001albums_59-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[59]  The website Clashmusic described Homework as an entry point of accessibility for a "burgeoning movement on the cusp of splitting the mainstream seam."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[60]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">In 2009, Brian Linder of IGN described Homework as the duo's third-best album. He catalogued as a "groundbreaking achievement" the way they used their unique skills to craft the house, techno, acid and punk music styles into the record.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[61]  Hua Hsu of eMusic agreed, applauding Homework for how it captured a "feeling of discovery and exploration" as a result of "years of careful study of the finest house, techno, electro and hip-hop records."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hua_50-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[50]  David Browne, writing inEntertainment Weekly, stated that the duo knew how to use "their playful, hip-hopping ambient techno" to craft the album. He named Homework the "ideal disco for androids".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Browne_52-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[52]  Sean Cooper of Allmusic called the album "an almost certain classic" and "essential".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allmusic_review_48-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[48]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Chris Power of BBC Music compared Homework ' s "less-is-more" approach to compression's use as "a sonic tribute" to the FM radio stations that "fed Daft Punk's youthful obsessions."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC_16-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[16]  Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote that "while a few tracks are more daft than deft," more recent groundbreakers likeThe Avalanches could never exist without "Da Funk".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sal_22-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[22]  Ian Mathers of Stylus Magazine noted that "there's a core of unimpeachably classic work onHomework, hidden among the merely good, and when you've got such a classic debut hidden in the outlines of the epic slouch of their debut, it's hard not to get frustrated."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ian_26-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[26]  Rolling Stone awarded the album three stars out of five, commenting that "the duo's essential, career-defining insight is that the problem with disco the first time around was not that it was stupid but that it was not stupid enough."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rolling_55-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[55] Rolling Stone ranked Homework at the top on their list of "The 30 Greatest EDM Albums of All Time" while affirming that Daft Punk's debut "is pure synapse-tweaking brilliance."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rolling_55-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[55]

<p style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">According to Scott Woods of The Village Voice, "Daft Punk [tore] the lid off the [creative] sewer" with the release of Homework.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vv_58-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  Ryan Schreiber of Pitchfork Media awarded it 7.6 out of 10. He stated that "Homework provides sixteen whole tracks of modern-day boom box bass n' drum and unlike your science project, it doesn't require a lot of intricate calculations to figure out how it works." In his view, "It sounds like an Atari 2600 on a killing spree."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pitchfork_53-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[53]  By contrast, Robert Christgau of The Village Voice cited "Da Funk" as a "choice cut",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rc_49-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[49]  indicating "a good song on an album that isn't worth your time or money".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[62]  Darren Gawle from Drop-D Magazine also gave a negative review, stating that "Homework is the work of a couple of DJs who sound amateurish at best."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gawle_63-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[63] ==Track listing<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">All music composed by Thomas Bangalter and Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo. ==Charts<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ==Certifications<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==