Desmond Dekker

Desmond Dekker (16 July 1941 – 25 May 2006 [1] ) was a  Jamaican  ska,  rocksteady and  reggae singer-songwriter and musician. Together with his backing group,  The Aces (consisting of Wilson James and Easton Barrington Howard), he had one of the earliest international reggae hits with " Israelites". Other hits include " 007 (Shanty Town)" (1967), " It Mek" (1969) and " You Can Get It If You Really Want" (1970).

==Early life == Desmond Adolphus Dacres was born in Saint Andrew Parish (Greater Kingston), Jamaica, on 16 July 1941. Dekker spent his early formative years in Kingston the capital city of Jamaica. From a very young age Dekker would regularly attend the local church with his grandmother and aunt. This early religious upbringing as well as his enjoyment of singing hymns led to a lifelong religious commitment. Following his mother's death as a result of illness, Dekker moved to the parish of St. Mary and then later to St. Thomas. While at St. Thomas Dekker embarked on an apprenticeship as a tailor before returning to Kingston where he secured employment as a welder. His workplace singing had drawn the attention of his co-workers who encouraged him to pursue a career in the music industry.[2]  In 1961 he auditioned for Coxsone Dodd (Studio One) and Duke Reid (Treasure Isle) though neither audition was successful. The young unsigned vocalist then successfully auditioned for Leslie Kong's Beverley's record label and was awarded his first recording contract.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_2-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2] ==Career<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> == <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Despite having achieved his aim of securing a record deal it would be a further two years before Dekker would see his first record released. Eventually in 1963 Kong chose "Honour Your Mother and Father" (written by Dekker and the song that Dekker had sung in his Kong audition two years earlier) which became a Jamaican hit and established Dekker's musical career. This was followed by the release of the tracks "Sinners Come Home" and "Labour for Learning". It was during this period that Desmond Dacres adopted the stage-name of Desmond Dekker. His fourth hit, "King of Ska" (backing vocals by The Cherrypies also known as The Maytals), made him into one of the island's biggest stars. Dekker then recruited four brothers, Carl, Patrick, Clive and Barry (surname Howard) as his permanent backing vocalists to perform with him under the name Desmond Dekker and The Aces.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_2-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Desmond Dekker and The Aces recorded a number of Jamaican hits including "Parents", "Get Up Edina", "This Woman" and "Mount Zion". The themes of Dekker's songs during the first four years of his career dealt with the moral, cultural and social issues of mainstream Jamaican culture: respect for your parents ("Honour Your Mother and Father"), religious morality ("Sinners Come Home") and education ("Labour for Learning"). In 1967 he appeared on Derrick Morgan's "Tougher Than Tough", which helped begin a trend of popular songs commenting on the rude boy subculture which was rooted in Jamaican ghetto life where opportunities for advancement were limited and life was economically difficult. Dekker's own songs did not go to the extremes of many other popular rude boy songs which reflected the violence and social problems associated with ghetto life though he did introduce lyrics that resonated with the rude boys starting with one of his best-known songs, "007 (Shanty Town)". The song established Dekker as a rude boy icon in Jamaica and also became a favourite dance track for the young working-class men and women of the United Kingdom'smod scene.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_3-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[3]  "007 (Shanty Town)" was a Top 15 hit in the UK and his UK concerts were attended by a large following of mods wherever he played.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_2-3" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Dekker continued to release rude boy songs such as "Rude Boy Train" and "Rudie Got Soul" as well as mainstream cultural songs like "It's a Shame", "Wise Man", "Hey Grandma", "Unity", "If It Pays", "Mother's Young Girl", "Sabotage" and "Pretty Africa". Many of the hits from this era came from his debut album, 007 (Shanty Town).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_2-4" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1968 Dekker's "Israelites" was released, eventually topping the UK Singles Chart in April 1969 and peaking in the Top Ten of the US Billboard Hot 100 in June 1969. Dekker was the first Jamaican artist to have a hit record in the US with a form and style that was purely Jamaican. That same year saw the release of "Beautiful and Dangerous", "Writing on the Wall", "Music Like Dirt (Intensified '68)" (which won the 1968 Jamaica Independence Festival Song Contest), "Bongo Girl" and "Shing a Ling".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_2-5" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2]  1969 saw the release of "It Mek" which became a hit both in Jamaica and the UK .<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[4]  Dekker also released "Problems" and "Pickney Gal"; both of which were popular in Jamaica although only "Pickney Gal" managed to chart in the UK Top 50.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_2-6" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2]  In 1969 Dekker took permanent residency in the UK.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5] ===1970s<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1970 Dekker released "You Can Get It If You Really Want", written by Jimmy Cliff, which reached No.2 in the UK charts. Dekker was initially reluctant to record the track but was eventually persuaded to do so by Leslie Kong.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_2-7" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2] Dekker's version uses the same backing track as Cliff's original. Kong, whose music production skills had been a crucial part of both Dekker's and Cliff's careers, died in 1971. This had an impact on the careers of both artists for a short period of time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_2-8" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2]  In 1972 the rude boy film "The Harder They Come" was released and Dekker's "007 (Shanty Town)" was featured on the soundtrack.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1975 "Israelites" was re-released and became a UK Top 10 hit for a second time. He had also begun working on new material with the production duo Bruce Anthony in 1974. In 1975 this collaboration resulted in the release of "Sing a Little Song" which charted in the UK Top Twenty; this was to be his last UK hit. ===1980s and later<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The 1980s found Dekker signed to a new label Stiff Records; an Independent label that specialized in Punk and New Wave acts as well as releases associated with the 2 Tone label whose acts instigated a short-lived but influential ska revival. He recorded an album called Black & Dekker (1980) which featured his previous hits backed by The Rumour, Graham Parker's backing band and the Akrylykz (featuring Roland Gift, later of the Fine Young Cannibals).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Albums_6-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[6]  A re-recorded version of "Israelites" was released in 1980 on the Stiff label followed by other new recordings: Jimmy Cliff's "Many Rivers to Cross" and "Book of Rules". His next album Compass Point (1981) was produced by Robert Palmer. Despite declining sales Dekker remained a popular live performer and continued to tour with The Rumour.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_2-9" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1984 he was declared bankrupt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[7] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8]  Only a single live album was released in the late 80s although in 1990 "Israelites" was used in a Maxell TV advert which became popular and brought the song and artist back to the attention of the general public. He collaborated with The Specials on the 1993 album King of Kings which was released as Desmond Dekker and The Specials. King of Kings consists of songs by Dekker's musical heroes such as Byron Lee,Theophilus Beckford, Jimmy Cliff and his friend and fellow Kong label artist Derrick Morgan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KingofKings_9-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[9]  He also collaborated on a remix of "Israelites" with reggae artist Apache Indian.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_2-10" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2]  In 2003 a reissue of the "The Harder They Come" soundtrack featured "Israelites" and "007 (Shanty Town)".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[10]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Dekker died of a heart attack on 25 May 2006, at his home in Thornton Heath in the London Borough of Croydon, England, aged 64.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMG_2-11" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2]  He was preparing to headline a world music festival in Prague. Dekker was divorced and is survived by his son and daughter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[11] ==Backing band<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> == <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The current line-up for Dekker's backing band, who are still performing tribute concerts, includes:
 * The Aces

<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">This particular line-up also recorded with Dekker on some of his later studio sessions in the 1990s. ==Discography<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> == ===Albums<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === ===Compilation albums<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === ===Singles<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> === ====Early solo singles<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> ==== ====Desmond Dekker & the Four Aces<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> ==== ====Desmond Dekker & the Aces<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> ==== ====Later solo singles<span class="mw-editsection mw-editsection-expanded" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.25em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;direction:ltr;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.25em;color:rgb(85,85,85);"> ====
 * Delroy Williams - backing vocals/M.C.
 * Gordon Mulrain - bass guitarist and session musician (Mulrain, also known as 'Innerheart', is co-founder of the British record label Ambiel Music)
 * Aubrey Mulrain - keyboard player and session musician
 * Steve Roberts - guitarist and session musician (also a member of the British band Dubzone)
 * Leroy Green - drums and session musician
 * Stan Samuel - guitarist and session musician
 * Charles Nelson - keyboard player and session musician
 * 007 Shanty Town (1967) Doctor Bird (Desmond Dekker & The Aces)
 * Action! (1968) (Desmond Dekker & The Aces)
 * The Israelites (1969) Pyramid
 * Intensified (1970) - Lagoon
 * You Can Get It If You Really Want (1970) - Trojan
 * The Israelites (1975), Cactus - completely different album to the 1969 release
 * Black And Dekker (1980) Stiff
 * Compass Point (1981) Stiff
 * King of Kings with The Specials (1993) - Trojan Records
 * Halfway to Paradise (1999) - Trojan
 * This Is Desmond Dekkar (1969) - Trojan Records (UK #27),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Strong_12-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[12]  reissued on CD in 2006 with 19 bonus tracks
 * Double Dekker (1973) Trojan
 * Dekker's Sweet 16 Hits (1979) Trojan
 * The Original Reggae Hitsound (1985) Trojan
 * 20 Golden Pieces of Desmond Dekker (1987) Bulldog
 * The Official Live and Rare (1987) Trojan
 * Greatest Hits (1988) Streetlife
 * The Best of & The Rest of (1990) Action Replay
 * Music Like Dirt (1992) Trojan
 * Rockin' Steady - The Best of Desmond Dekker (1992) Rhino
 * Crucial Cuts (1993) Music Club
 * Israelites (1994) Laserlight
 * Action (1995) Lagoon
 * Voice of Ska (1995) Emporio
 * Moving On (1996) Trojan
 * The Israelites (1996) Marble Arch
 * First Time for a Long Time (1997) Trojan
 * Desmond Dekker Archive (1997) Rialto
 * The Writing on the Wall (1998) Trojan
 * Israelites (1999) Castle Pie
 * Israelites: The Best Of Desmond Dekker (1963–1971) - Trojan (1999)
 * Desmond Dekker (2000) Snapper
 * The Very Best Of (2000) Jet Set
 * Israelites - Anthology 1963 To 1999 (2001) Trojan
 * "Honour Your Mother and Father" (1963) Island (as Desmond Dekker & Beverley's Allstars)
 * "Parents" (1964) Island
 * "King of Ska" (1964) Island (as Desmond Dekkar and his Cherry Pies)
 * "Dracula" (1964) Black Swan (as Desmond Dekkar)
 * "Generosity" (1965) Island
 * "Get Up Adina" (1965) Island
 * "This Woman" (1965) Island
 * "Mount Zion" (1965) Island
 * "007 (Shanty Town)" (1967) - Doctor Bird
 * "Wise Man" (1967) Pyramid
 * "007 Shanty Town" (1967) Pyramid
 * "It's a Shame" (1967) Pyramid
 * "Rudy Got Soul" (1967) Pyramid
 * "Rude Boy Train" (1967) Pyramid
 * "Mother's Young Gal" (1967) Pyramid
 * "Unity" (1967) Pyramid
 * "Sabotage" (1967) Pyramid
 * "It Pays" (1967) Pyramid
 * "Beautiful and Dangerous" (1967) Pyramid
 * "Bongo Gal" (1967) Pyramid
 * "To Sir, With Love" (1967) Pyramid
 * "Mother Pepper" (1967) Pyramid
 * "Hey Grandma" (1967) Pyramid
 * "Music Like Dirt (Intensified '68)" (1967) Pyramid
 * "It Mek" (1968) Pyramid
 * "Israelites" (1968) - Pyramid (UK #1, U.S. #9)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Strong_12-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[12]
 * "Christmas Day" (1968) Pyramid
 * "It Mek" (1969) - Pyramid (UK #7)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Strong_12-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[12]
 * "Pickney Gal" (1969) - Pyramid (UK #42)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Strong_12-3" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[12]
 * "You Can Get It If You Really Want" (1970) - Trojan (UK #2)
 * "The Song We Used to Sing" (1970) Trojan
 * "Licking Stick" (1971) Trojan
 * "It Gotta Be So" (1972) Trojan
 * "Beware" (1972) Rhino
 * "Sing a Little Song" (1973) Rhino
 * "Everybody Join Hands" (1973) Rhino
 * "Busted Lad" (1974) Rhino
 * "Israelites (re-recording)" (1975) - Cactus (UK #10)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Strong_12-4" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[12]
 * "Sing a Little Song" (1975) - Cactus (UK #16)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Strong_12-5" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[12]
 * "Roots Rock" (1977) Feelgood
 * "Israelites (new mix)" (1980) Stiff
 * "Please Don't Bend" (1980) Stiff
 * "Many Rivers to Cross" (1980) Stiff
 * "We Can and Shall" (1981) Stiff
 * "Book of Rules" (1982) Stiff
 * "Hot City" (1983) Stiff
 * "Jamaica Ska" (1993) Trojan